The Heritage of Operations Management - 2336 Words

THE HERITAGE OF OPERATIONS MANAGEMENT To start, I would like to give a view of ‘what OM is and why it is important today’. Operations management is the area concerned with the efficiency and effectiveness of the operation in support and development of the firms strategic goals. Other areas of concern to operations management include the design and operations of systems to provide goods and services. To put it succinctly, operations management is the planning, scheduling, and control of the activities that transform inputs (raw materials and labor) into outputs (finished goods and services). A set of recognized and well-developed concepts, tools, and techniques belong within the framework considered operations management. While the term†¦show more content†¦When word got out about the Cotton Gin, plantation owners began planting as much green seed cotton as the land would allow. Though Whitney received a patent for his cotton gin invention in 1794, by that time the invention was being pirated and used all over the country. Ultimately, Whitney left the South with very little to show for the invention that had made croppers millions. However, upon his return to the North, he re-invented American manufacturing with the idea of mass production. We also incorporate our second author in this era, Frederick W. Taylor (1856-1915), who is considered the father of the scientific management. Frederick Winslow Taylor devised a system he called scientific management, a form of industrial engineering that established the organization of work as in Fords assembly line. This discipline, along with the industrial psychology established by others at the Hawthorne Works of Western Electic in the 1920s, moved management theory from early time-and-motion studies to the latest total quality control ideas. Frederick W. Taylor and his colleagues were among the first to systematically seek the best way to produce. Taylor, born in Philadelphia, prepared for college at Philips Academy in Exeter, N.H., and was accepted at Harvard. His eyesight failed and he became an industrial apprentice in the depression of 1873. AtShow MoreRelated To find any problems that may be encountered arising from an online1116 Words   |  5 Pagespresence and also any key business opportunities and how the online presence could improve the Heritage Park business. 1 The beginning 1.3 Terms of reference The deadline of this report is 7th January 2005 and the purpose of it is to find any problems that may be encountered arising from an online presence and also any key business opportunities and how the online presence could improve the Heritage Park business. 1.4 Methodology/Procedures To do this report I will be finding out whatRead MoreEssay On Clean Energy And Bc Community1212 Words   |  5 Pagesplanning, construction, and operations. This includes road maintenance, crane services, transmission line construction, electrical services, transportation, and professional services from engineering firms, consultants, and biologists. ââ€"  Clean energy investments have an impact in their local communities: o During pre-planning and planning phases of a project, 25% of spending occurs locally. o During construction, 50% of spending occurs locally. o When in operation, 70%, of spending occurs locallyRead MoreThe Sustainable Measures Of Middle Eastern Heritage Buildings1263 Words   |  6 PagesThe sustainable measures of Middle Eastern heritage buildings are limited, as well the international green rating system versions are still unsuitable and unable to adapt the local conditions and customs. Despite the Arab efforts to have their own rating systems, such as Abu Dhabi, Qatar and Kuwait (Komurlu, Ruveyda, Asli Pelin Gurgun, and David Arditi 2015, Omar Attallah, Sherif, Ahmad Senouci, Amr Kandil, and Hassan Al-Derham 2013), sustainability in most Middle Eastern countries is still deficientRead MoreThe Increase Of Competition And Market Instability Of Luxury Fashion Brands1238 Words   |  5 Pagescompany. Fendi’s competency is having a deep cultural heritage within the brand that differs from competitors, while producing high quality goods that are specifically harder to imitate. Value chain activities are tasks completed by the company to produce products and then sell, distribute and service those products in a way that creates value for customers. The key primary activities for Fendi are operations and marketing and sales. As for operations, Fendi develop their core products, of bags and fursRead MorePreserving Manovo-Gounda St Floris National Park Essay examples1524 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction to Life Science (Axia) SCI/230 The threat to Manovo-Gounda St floris National Park is overwhelming and should be of great concern. Manovo-Gounda St floris National Park was designated as a World heritage Park because of its unique natural formations and its endangered species. For this reason special attention should be made to help save and preserve the forest and the wild life that resides on the land. According to the unep-wcmc.org webRead MoreICOMs Restatment of Values1165 Words   |  5 Pagesout its mission, ICOM values as a universal human right, access to the cultural and natural heritage by individuals and communities throughout the world. ICOM values and cherishes human creativity and recognises its importance to all people ICOM values democratic principles including a fundamental commitment to respect equality and diversity in the conduct of its business and in its promotion of the heritage cultural and natural, tangible and intangible ICOM values the unique contribution to societyRead MoreCross Culture Platform And Heritage Theme Essay1466 Words   |  6 PagesBusiness Overview Cross Culture platform and heritage theme is most vital strategy of King darbar Hotel. King Darbar is new definition in field of hospitality with wide range of in-house services like Gymnasium, Restaurant, Spa, Swimming pool, Conference hall, Banquet Hall, Souvenir shop, Theme evenings, and Puppet shows. To be with time and to survive in cut throw competition, we will adopt most latest and advance technology. We are going to start King Darbar hotel is at Ahmedabad ,Guajarat. AhmedabadRead MoreImpact Of Langham s Proposed International Expansion773 Words   |  4 Pagesthat Langham develop, diversify or consolidate its brands? The Langham group should develop its brands with one general concept behind the essential aspects of the hotel operation, which includes the level of service, quality management, building quality, and brand identity. By focusing on the previous aspects of their hotel operations, the Langham group will be able to develop a brand that is consistent throughout the global market, and gives the guest the opportunity to know what to expect from thisRead MoreNational Trust For Historic Preservation1537 Words   |  7 PagesHeritage tourism is a growing niche in the tourism industry and it is something that most tourists will engage at. By breaking the term is separated into heritage and tourism, the term heritage is mainly associated with the meaning of the inheritance of something that is passed on throughout the ages (Nuryanti, 1996). Tourism can be interpreted as the movement to somewhere to experience a contrast to the current way of living (Miller, 2015). The definition that the Nati onal Trust for Historic PreservationRead MoreCooperation In Ukraine999 Words   |  4 Pagesas trade, economic, and investment cooperation. Poland’s cooperation consists of areas such as education and cultural. Culturally, both nations are ardent about popularizing their national heritage. By cooperating with Poland, Ukraine focuses mainly on three areas: the reform of the cultural sphere management, Poland’s backing of Ukrainian art and culture into the European cultural environment. A few instances of this cooperation are: Ukrainian Culture Festival in Sopot, Ukrainian Spring in Poznan

Compensation and Benefit in Dominos Pizza Essay - 1302 Words

Dominos Pizza is one of the world biggest companies of pizza production and delivery. The company was founded in the USA in 1960 by Tom Monaghan. Since that time Dominos Pizza Company became one of the leading fast food delivery companies in the world: We have been delivering quality, affordable pizza to our customers since 1960 when brothers Thomas and James Monaghan borrowed $900 and purchased a small pizza store in Ypsilanti, Michigan. Since that time, our store count and geographic reach have grown substantially (Dominos Pizza). Dominos Pizza combines some methods of international expansion and development, but there are some most effective ones which provide the best penetration to the international markets. The paper will†¦show more content†¦They are based on Franchising Agreement with Dominos Pizza International, Inc. A franchisee must have appropriate local market, business strategies and experience knowledge. Through well developed franchising system Dominos Pizza Company gains constant royalty payments which allow the company to develop and expand to international markets. The growth and benefit of Dominos Pizza is mainly provided by its franchising system development and royalty payments from numerous stores throughout the world. This system provides competitive compensation and appropriate benefit for the company: All the other Human Resource (HR) processes and systems, like competitive compensation, appropriate benefits and providing a learning environment, add to that (Whitney K., 2005). The company has chosen the most appropriate method of international expansion. Dominos Pizza makes franchising agreements with appropriate firms working in relevant market segments and having local market features knowledge. This mode of international expansion protects Dominos Pizza from superfluous financial costs connected with wholly owned subsidiaries. To increase franchisee compensation and benefit, and support the brand image of Dominos Pizza, the company provides different kinds of franchisee supporting programs. The training course gives appropriate knowledge of Dominos Pizza functioning, its rules and policy, as well as other relevant elements ofShow MoreRelatedDominoes1170 Words   |  5 Pagesthe organization, its size, and any specific human resource challenges it faces. Domino’s Pizza is a multi-billion dollar a year enterprise.   The company operates through a network of roughly 9,000 stores scattered throughout the 50 states and located in over 60 countries (DATAMONITOR: Domninos Pizza, Inc., 2010).   Since the first Domino’s franchise opened in Ypsilanti, Michigan in 1967, the pioneering giant of pizza delivery has established itself as a household name (Lief, 2008). However, maintainingRead MoreHr Practices at Dominos3245 Words   |  13 PagesPRACTICES AT DOMINO’S PIZZA {draw:frame} Submitted to: Dr. G. Prageetha Raju Date: 4th January 2010 SUBMITTED By: Ananya Bhaduri (09BSHYD0092) Neetu Pillai (09BSHYD0493) Ruchi Agrawal (09BSHYD1009) Sanya Jain (09BSHYD0738) Sweta Singhania (09BSHYD0911) HR POLICIES AT DOMINO’S PIZZA _ â€Å"According to the recently held Hewitt Best Employer Survey, Domino’s Pizza India Ltd. has been ranked as the Best Employer in the Quick Service Restaurant (QSR) industry in India. Domino’s has beenRead MoreValue Chain in Dominos Pizza5624 Words   |  23 Pages1.OVERVIEW Domino’s Pizza is the No. 1 Pizza Delivery Company in the world and the undisputed pizza delivery expert. The Company has a unique business and operation model and is a pioneer in the fast food industry. Since 1960, Domino’s Pizza has successfully expanded from 3 outlets in the United State to 9,350 stores operating in seventy countries. Domino’s operation in Malaysia and overseas uses the franchise model. The parent company, Domino’s Pizza LLC is head quartered in Michigan, United StateRead MoreThe History and Success of Pizza Hut2626 Words   |  11 PagesExecutive Summary Pizza Hut started its franchise in the United States and then it began to spread internationally. 2,395 Pizza Hut restaurants were operated by 135 partnerships, individual business personnel, and corporations in 1986. Pizza Hut, Inc. is a well-developed corporation, but it also encountered pure competition with its fellow rivals of selling pizza. The external factors that Pizza Hut faced were due to its competition because it was hard for their business to have complete controlRead MoreInternational Economic Exam Paper1163 Words   |  5 PagesPAPER FOR RESIT CANDIDATES PAPER A Time Allowed: THREE hours Answer THREE questions No credit will be given for attempting any further questions. This exam paper has been made available in electronic form strictly for the educational benefit of current Royal Holloway students on the course of study in question. No further copying, distribution or publication of this exam paper is permitted. By printing or downloading this exam paper, you are consenting to these restrictions.  © Royal HollowayRead MoreThe Effects Of Social Media On Corporate Bad News And A Ceo s Apology4956 Words   |  20 Pagesspread of two types of information: corporate bad news and a CEO’s apology. We attempted to understand how sentiments on corporate bad news propagate in Twitter and whether any social network feature facilitates its spread. We investigated the Domino’s Pizza crisis in 2009, where bad news spread rapidly through social media followed by an official apology from the company. Our work shows that bad news spreads faster than other types of information, such as an apology, and sparks a great degree ofRead MoreCovert Advertis ing3464 Words   |  14 PagesABSTRACT De Dana Dan, Wake Up Sid, Dhoom, Phir Hera Pheri and Matrix are some excellent examples of movies with covert advertising. Brands such as Coca Cola, ICICI Bank, Domino’s, Nokia, Aston Martin and Suzuki have placed themselves in these movies. Nowadays, these tactics are common in most of the films. Some very well managed product placements appear to be quiet natural, if not logical. But some seem to be badly inspired by a commercial spin-off, with all the negative consequences it may generateRead MoreService Marketing-Pizza Hut13362 Words   |  54 Pages[Year] IBS Administrator [PIZZA HUT: AN ANALYSIS OF SERVICES] Submitted to: Prof. K.C. Prakash Submitted By: Pallavi (07BS2758) â€Æ' Table of Contents Company Profile †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.02 Industry profile†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦10 Major competitors profile†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦13 Literature review†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.20 Marketing Mix Analysis†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..23 Marketing Mix Of Competitors†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Read MoreMacro and Micro Political Risk3232 Words   |  13 Pagesrisk at a macro level which is difficult to predict is ‘expropriation’ i.e. the confiscation of foreign property with little no compensation. In 1938 the American Oil Fields were expropriated by the Mexican government (Mises, 2006) and more recently in after program of â€Å"indigenization† (Rugman, 2008) Zimbabwe seized farms and private businesses without giving any compensation to the owners (www.mg.co.za). Changes bureaucracy or legislation can have a direct effect on the amount of foreign direct investmentRead MoreMcdonalds Strategic Analysis12693 Words   |  51 Pages * Taco Bell and KFC locations under one roof * Dunkin Donuts and Baskin-Robbins * Arby’s and p.t. Noodles * Non-traditional operations * McDonald’s operations in Wal-Mart stores and gas stations * Little Caesar’s Pizza outlets in Kmart stores * International development * Companies such as McDonald’s, KFC, and Burger King continue aggressive development of markets in Asia and South America. * Value Offerings * Consumers want value, so prices

Supply Chain Operations for Ergon Energy- myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about theSupply Chain Operations for Ergon Energy. Answer: Overview of Ergon Energy Australia Ergon Energy is a subsidiary of the Energy Queensland Limited (EQL), a corporation owned by Government of Queensland. Ergon Energy provides energy to all of Queensland, except south-east Queensland via the Australian Energy Regulator (AER) network which sets the prices that Ergon Energy can charge from customers. The company was founded on July 1, 1999 and has its headquarters in Townsville (Corporate profile, 2017). Ergon Energy is an active player in unconventional energy generation mechanisms and is one of the chief buyers of renewable power resources in Australia. The company is a major contributor to the skill-development process across the Queensland region. The company also pays attention to its social responsibility through partnerships with certain client communities. Ergon Energys distribution network including poling and wiring is mainly managed by the Australian Energy Regulator (AER). This authority also sets the revenues that can be collected by Ergon Energy for its services (Service regions and depot map, 2017). One of the other subsidiaries of the company is Ergon Energy Telecommunications pvt ltd, with Nexium Telecommunications as its trade name. This organization mainly serves Ergon Energys communication needs and is an authorized telecommunications transporter that also provides Queensland with high-speed broadband. The company has a joint undertaking with Energex Ltd, Sparq Solutions pvt ltd that offers Communications Technology and Information solutions to them (Executive management team, 2017). Ergon Energys core values are based on an abbreviated term known as SPIRIT. It stands for Safety, Professionalism, Integrity, Respect, Innovation and Team Work. The companys goal is to implant these values into the conscious minds of all of its employees so that they can always remember these and implement in daily professional routine (Environmental management practices, 2017). Day-today-Operation of Ergon Energy The electricity network of Ergon Energy consists of a hundred-and-sixty-thousand km of powerlines and approx. 1 million electricity poles. It also consists of related infrastructure like the main substations and electricity transformers. Ergon Energy has since Aug 2007 possessed and made to function the Barcaldine gas-fired power station and associated set-up that is responsible for supplying power to main grid (Ergon Energy Corporation Limited, 2010). There are two main functional areas in which Ergon Energy generally operates into. One of them is the department which manufactures and manages electricity allocation network and the other is the retail department whose task is to sell that electricity to common people and businesses (Corporate profile, 2017). The network functional area of Ergon Energy is responsible for manufacturing and distributing the electricity in the entire region of Queensland, basically building poles and wires. Under this operational function, Ergon Energy also has certain roles to play which includes informing their customers of planned and unplanned outages and restoration processes, to restore power quickly after a natural disaster such as cyclone or floods, to add and establish new connections to homes and businesses, to accommodate connections for solar and new technologies, to ensure their customers and staff around electricity are safe, to read over 5 million meters each year and plan for the future of electricity network (OSullivan, Oo Harvey, 2010). Ergon Energy also has another major functional area Retail. The main objective of this functional area is to sell electricity connections and opening of new accounts and arranging location shifts, calculation of correct tariff plans for every customer, managing electricity usage, giving customers various options to pay for accounts, subscribing for clean energy and donating for Royal Flying Doctor Service (Service regions and depot map, 2017). Linkages between Ergon Energy operations and courses theory The LB5230 theory as supplied in our courseware that deals with the concepts of the Supply Chain Management, Value Chain Management and Operations Management has a significant impact on the business operations of Ergon Energy (Coelli Lawerence, 2006). Operations Management is the art and science of making sure that goods and services of the firm are made and delivered in an effective manner to the end customers. OM includes the know-how of designing of goods, services, the processes that manufacture them, the everyday upkeep of those processes and the continuous improvement of such processes (Roy, 2005). The Value Chain background is formed when a tactical process at the strategic level, a plan procedure on the planning level and operations procedures on the operating level exists in the organization. A value chain is the process that disaggregates a firm into its strategically relevant activities to understand the behavior of costs and the existing and potential sources of differentiation (Roy, 2005, p.120). The typical value chain as made known by Porter includes of a set of actions which are done to produce, design, advertise, supply and support their product. Michael E. Porter has classified these actions into two broad headings viz: Primary Activities These are activities which include outbound logistics, inbound logistics, operations, sales and marketing, services in the basic value chain building value directly Support Activities Support activities include collection, human resource management, management of technology, organizational infrastructure backing the value creation in the basic value chain Supply Chain Management A supply chain management encompasses all the integrated activities that actually bring the end product to market and make customers satisfied. The Supply Chain Management program integrates topics from manufacturing operations, purchasing, transportation and physical distribution (Coelli Lawerence, 2006, p. 236). Ergon Energy is one of leading and highly diverse electricity supply companies of Australia and it does understand its responsibility to coordinate its operations in a manner that minimizes ecological impact. Ergon Energy is a socially responsible and conscious electricity supply organization of Australia that has been in the industry since more than a decade. The organization employs over 4000 people and has been rated as a top company to work for in Australia because of its decent corporate culture and high employee satisfaction ratings (Sioshansi, 2016). Ergon Energy is under the regulation of National Electricity Rules (NER) that is a part of the Australian Energy Regulator (AER). AER is responsible to set the amount of revenues that Ergon Energy is permitted to collect (OSullivan, Oo Harvey, 2010). Such revenue figures construct approx. fifty percent electricity retail price in Queensland. The company has extensively engaged with its customers to make them informed of their proposal and with constant support from the Australian Energy Regulator the company would be able to deliver premium quality results for regional Queensland (Demand and energy management plan, 2017). The company has a vital role in all the four elements of the power supply chain. Ergon Energy is both a supplier and a buyer, and plays less significant roles in creation and transmission of electricity. These revenues as estimated by the AER are primarily aimed at recovering the costs incurred in distributing electricity to customers (Response to ACCC discussion paper: National broadband network points of interconnect, 2017). The company has employed a coordinated, varied customer/community arrangement program in order to align its long-term interests of customers. One of the main aims of the organization has been to provide customers and other shareholders with a prospect to let know of their views and give input on expenditure schemes and important investments. Such inputs and suggestions are also processed to critically analyze the customers paying patterns for companys various services and standards (Corporate profile, 2017). These efforts of Ergon Energy have helped the organization to better understand the upcoming challenges that may be faced in the community and industry in general (Evans Hunt, 2009). The companys customer arrangement program for supervisory scheme since the last eighteen months has involved uninterrupted customer engagement that is supported by online information sharing and also important customer research package. The companys significant Board, CEO and top organization commit ment to local stakeholder and main body involvement (Executive management team, 2017). Sustainability within the Business model of Ergon Energy As per the business model of the company, the network of Ergon Energy would be such that provides an easily accessible platform and an equitable access to distributed energy resources and applications paving the path for an effective market that enables desired outcomes in a cost-efficient way. Ergon Energy has collaborated with the Government of Queensland to perform the outlined initiatives with the assistance of The Queensland Plan: a 30-year vision for Queensland; and PowerQ: a long-term strategy for Queenslands electricity sector (Liu, Rasul, Oo, Khan, 2010, p. 4). To align the strategic plans with these key planning documents Ergon Energy has made vital strategic plans. As part of this empowerment process, it is one of the objectives of the company to deliver the Queensland economy through certain techniques and methods. These methods include some key strategic objectives, strategic enablers and the outcomes derived from applying such techniques (Ergon Energy Corporation Limited, 2010). Strategic Objectives- the Company aims to achieve certain key strategic objectives through customer choice and control. The company aims to increase in average network price below inflation. Ergon Energy also aims to increase the productivity of energy resources. Key Strategic Enablers Some of the key strategic enablers of the company are effective market and prudent investment. Ergon Energy also strives to offer efficient service to its customers. Outcomes By carefully implementing the strategic objectives and key strategic enablers, Ergon Energy achieves customer value. The company also allows for better flexible work practices. Another major outcome is that the Queensland economy becomes stronger through the utilization of the Developer Charter. Ergon Energy has undergone fair restructuring to achieve new strategic direction, and updated its accountabilities to emphasize more on efficiency and enable for an effective market in the Queensland economy (Liu, Rasul, Oo, Khan, 2010). References Coelli, T. Lawerence, D., A. (2006). Performance measurement and regulation of network utilities. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar. Ergon Energy Corporation Limited. (2010). Response to ACCC discussion paper: National broadband network points of interconnect. Retrieved from https://www.accc.gov.au/system/files/Ergon%20Energy%20-%20Public%20submission%20on%20NBN%20POIs.pdf. Ergon Energy. (2017). Corporate profile. Retrieved from https://www.ergon.com.au/about-us/who-we-are/our-company/corporate-profile. Ergon Energy. (2017). Demand and energy management plan. Retrieved from https://www.ergon.com.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0005/241394/Demand-and-Energy-Management-Plan-2017-18.pdf. Ergon Energy. (2017). Environmental management practices. Retrieved from https://www.ergon.com.au/network/network-management/environmental-management. Ergon Energy. (2017). Executive management team. Retrieved from https://www.ergon.com.au/about-us/who-we-are/our-company/leadership-team/executive-team. Ergon Energy. (2017). Service regions and depot map. Retrieved from https://www.ergon.com.au/about-us/who-we-are/our-company/service-regions-and-depot-map. Evans, J. Hunt, L., C. (2009). International handbook on the economics of energy. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar. Liu, G., Rasul, M., Oo, A., Khan, M. (2010). Emissions calculation for a grid-assisted hybrid renewable energy system in central Queensland region. Fusion Solutions: Challenges and Innovations: Proceedings of the 2010 IV Network conference(pp. 1-1). OSullivan, B., Oo, A., Harvey, B. (2010). Fusion Solutions: Challenges and Innovations : Proceedings of the 2010 IV Network conference. Ergon energy alternative augmentation evaluation tool for distribution planning, pp. 1-1. Roy, Dr., R., M. (2005). A modern approach to operations management. New Delhi, India: New Age International Publishers. Sioshansi, F., P. (2016). Future of utilities - utilities of the future: How technological innovations in distributed energy resources will reshape the electric power sector. London, UK: Academic Press.

Corporate Coalitions and Policy Business

Question: Discuss about the Corporate Coalitions and Policy Business. Answer: Introduction According to Klver (2013), Lobbying is considered as the act of persuading others through influencing their actions, policies ad decisions. The European integration is quite a wider and a deeper concept, which helps in the discussion of European Union. One of the prominent issue that prevails in the European Union is lobbying with regards to it institutional and political debate over the span of 20 years in comparison to Brussels and Washington DC (Aspinwall and Greenwood 2013). One of the principal reasons for this phenomenon is the growth in the role of EU as a policymaker. The institutions of European Union have expanded their regulatory competence in the areas of single market, consumer protection, environmental law, and policy proposals that had become complicated. They had raised their reliability on technological advancements thereby to draft legislation to be provided by outside groups among the others (Chalmers 2013). In this particular essay, the impacts of lobbying in European union has been analysed. The introductory part is followed by the section of analysis. In that particular section, the three direct impacts of lobbying in EU, namely, direct impact, indirect impact and economic impact would be analysed along with facts and statements. The impacts are followed by the policies that had been undertaken by the European union in order to regulate the lobbying practices. This analysis would be quite helpful in stating the viewpoint of the essay, thereby making the status thesis statement strong. The analysis of the essay would be followed by a conclusion of the findings and summary. In illumination of an unparalleled development of lobbying in Brussels and the multifaceted nature of European public policy proceedings, one is faced with imperative issues of amendable lobbyists and developing intelligibility. In western politics, lobbying has always been a familiar sight, if not something that can be deemed as a welcome note in the region (Newman and Bach 2014). The European policy-makers identify that both public and private interests have justifiable and significant responsibility to play in the policy progression. The European region witnesses an European public process where around 15,000 officials representing Commission and European Parliamentary officials appear before some 20,000 lobbyists on a regular basis (Richardson and Mazey 2015). This fact is not surprising that an important dependency exists between the lobbyists and the policy makers that are based on expertise, rigid needs, information and character has materialized. This is the reason the ways a re being dignified and developed the codes of conduct of EU lobbying where exchange of information are not damaged. It is during the 1990s, the activity of EU interest group exploded resulting from measured transfer of narrow functions from the member states to the EU establishment along with the synchronized and the simultaneous preface of competent majority voting on the issues pertaining in the Single Market (Klver, Braun and Beyers 2015). Keeping in contrast with the increasing functional supply, institutional stipulation for EU interest group movement was assisted by the candidness of the European commission and the Parliament of Europe. The EU is considered to be one of the super national organization that is being subjugated by the council of national governments and the bureaucracy of the Commission which weakens the European parliament as the general parliament (Wallace, Pollack and Young 2015). Democracy has always posed challenge for the European Union. There has long being a debate on the issue of democratic deficit, which has still not been determined. The relationship that exists between the European institutions and the interest groups have been stated as clientela, where the Commission picks a few certain groups that they felt comfortable with as the fitting representatives of communal interests (Dr, Bernhagen and Marshall 2015). The lobbying activities of the interest groups have been witnessed as disparaging to the independent implementation of the total EU. However, Van Schendelen squabbles on the fact that lobbying can be viewed from another perception. Schendelen suggests that there are substitutes for imminent trend lobbying, incorporated perspective, perception of effective EU decision-making and citizens welfare (Binderkrantz and Rasmussen 2015). Political systems have always been on the search of authenticity from their subjects for undertaking full assortment of government functions. Legitimacy is given birth by two sources, inputs (capability of participating in political decision-making) and efficiency (results). EUs limited nature can be stated through a political regime that can partially be elucidated through lack of input authenticity (Berkhout et al. 2015). According to Schmidt (2013), due to this lack, the EU is a perfect setting for interest groups that consist of positivity. Much needed resources are brought in to affect the policy-making, execution and investigation in things on how the European integration can develop, assisting the EU to attain more proficiencies in policies by bringing in demands to the doorsteps of members and helping them in the accepted detection with the European Union (Bunea and Ibenskas 2015). So, it can be concluded, that interest groups not only facilitate in policy making but also for mulate EU nearer to the citizens (Bache et al. 2014). With respect to the case of European Union, there are four major regards with respect to accountability and transparency of the lobbying practices. These could be listed as, the estimates of the interest groups involved in lobbying practices, the information regarding the typology of the European union groups, the estimate of the expenditure incurred in lobbying and the conflicts of interest. The term lobbying has been derived from gathering the members of the parliament and peers in the hallways of Houses of Parliament before and after parliamentary debates. According to Rasmussen and Carroll (2014), lobbying practices are considered as primary concerns, which could be referred to as revolving doors. Revolving door is considered as the professional practise thereby moving from the administrative or political posts. Revolving doors is considered as an issue, with regards to the exploitation of former civil servants' insider knowledge by their new private-sector employers. It had influenced the European Union institutions. Various public officials would be improperly influenced by that carry a past position in the private sector. Civil society under the name of Alter-EU had been framed that aims at analysing the situation of lobbying. It has repeatedly denounced the rules of tax in place based on the European Union level. This would help them to tackle the revolving door p henomenon (Klver 2013). According to Alter-EU, 50% of the staff have a environment in one of the EU establishments working at the major lobby firms in Brussels. The issue based on lobbying doors has been addressed in the code of conduct of the European unions institutions. The primary code of conduct (1999) of the Commission initiated a commitment for Commissioners for declaring their interests financially and a one-year 'cooling-off' announcement period each time a Commissioner leaves the public office (Woll 2013). This code was modified in 2004 and yet again in 2011, subsequent to an EP study emphasizing the inadequacy of the existing rules. In its most recent adaptation, the code of conduct forbids (for a epoch of 18 months) Commissioners leaving workplace from lobbying on the identical issues as enclosed by their preceding EU selection. The EPs own code of conduct, proscribed former Members from usage of their life-long pass to admittance in the EP for lobbying. Lastly, the Staf f Regulations for bureaucrats and other employees in all the EU establishments embraces a 12-month cooling-off phase for higher officials on lobbying profession, an outlaw on lobbying actions during vacation periods (commenced in 2013), and a unambiguous process for transmission of new staff for probable conflicts of awareness (Bernhagen 2014). The impacts of lobbying could be illustrated under the broad classification of these three heads, as follows: It can be stated that the economic aspect of lobbying on EU can be denoted as direct and indirect consequences, based on the sub-optimal policy making approaches. Direct impact of the lobbying on the European Union had been seen quite noticeably on the corruption. It has been stated by the commission of Europe that the economy had to spent an amount of 120 billion a year (Callanan and Tatham 2014). The anti corruption report includes the concept of illegal lobbying as one of the prime reasons for the prevalence of corruption in the economy. It stresses on the practise of transparent lobbying that would help in decreasing the likelihood of corruption in European Union. The direct practices in the economy, there would be a comparative reduction for conflicts that have risen due to the presence of lobbying (Chalmers 2013). Indirect Impact The indirect impact of lobbying has no direct consideration with the European Union budget. In the long term, the effects of lobbying would negatively affect the European public finances. It could be stated that with the lack of transparency in the conditions of lobbying in the economy, there might have been an emergence about interest niche. This would hamper the efficiency in growth and productivity of the nation. Based on a study in the year 2016, the representation rate of the European professional associations was the highest (43% access rate, 38% for the EP and 11% for the Council) whereas, the least representation were made from the national associations (Lelieveldt and Princen 2015). Based on another study o the state and group activities of the European Union, it has been noted that 72% of the seats of the European commissions consultative committee has been able to represent the interests of the business. According to the integrity watch reports, it could be stated that the companies that had more than ten high level meetings with commission, within the span of January 2015 to June 2015 had declared a lobbying expenditure of 900,000 pounds (Chalmers 2013). Economic Impact The benefits with relation to the economy have been able to note a transparent regulation of lobbying activities. The activities have been acknowledged in the economy. The case in point is open data. It has been estimated by the commission that full data use in the open format among the 23 European Union member states of the government could lower the administrative costs in the economy by 15% to 20% (Smith et al. 2015). According to the study based on the transparency international in the year 2014, it has been seen that the impact of the government had been measured in the economy on the basis o four variables. These variables were co-production, participation, transparency and economy. There was a graded score of 0 to 100 point scale. The positive impact of the economy with the introduction of open government had been graded at 54.2 points (Callanan and Tatham 2014). Policies Adopted By the European Union A sustained effort has been seen with regards to the regulation that has been made at the European Union level. These regulations have been present to decrease the costs and increase the benefits. These regulations are considered as an ongoing task, which are considered by the commission in order to raise the transparency of lobbying about the tasks being implemented currently (Brandt and Svendsen 2016). In order to overcome the negative aspects of lobbying in the economy, new rules and regulations were taken into considerations along with the encouragement provided to the lobbyists to register themselves. A study of 2014 states that it has been found, in order to make the TR a mandatory register, the treaty based on the functions of the European union would be considered as a legal base. Directive 2014/95/EU was also approved in 2014 which considers the revelation of both non- financial and assortment information by certain large accomplishments and groups, based on the policies and bribery and anti corruption issues (Wallace, Pollack and Young 2015). The directive, that would become equipped in this current year 2017, has been in the expectancy of applying to 6000 organizations across the European Union. Several policies had been undertaken by the country that would be beneficial to control the illegal practices of lobbying and bring about the positive aspects of the lobbyists. According to the transparency register being revised in the year 2014, the European ombudsman that had been used for further reformations of the registration and for greater transparency presented an official statement. The country aimed at improving the conditions of the economy by encouraging the commission of adopting better incentives and convincing the lobbyists to register. The economys head had called on the commission for improving the work of monitor and comparability of data in the register. Within the boundaries of the European Parliament, a timetable has been set thereby preparing the negotiations needed for further reforms to be undertaken by the transparency regulators that had been drafted by the European Parliament committee based on the constitutional affairs. Earlier a roadmap had been releas ed by the parliament, which leads to the adoption transparency regulation mandatory. Six council members had submitted a non paper to the prepatory stating working party on information (Aspinwall and Greenwood 2013). The paper had been influential in enhancing the transparency in the European Union, which consists of the practical proposals to be approached with the lobbyists. It would grant them the ability to register themselves. Conclusion In western politics, lobbying has always been a familiar sight, if not something that can be deemed as a welcome note in the region. The European policy-makers identify that both public and private interests have justifiable and significant responsibility to play in the policy progression. With respect to the case of European Union, there are four major regards with respect to accountability and transparency of the lobbying practices. These could be listed as, the estimates of the interest groups involved in lobbying practices, the information regarding the typology of the European union groups, the estimate of the expenditure incurred in lobbying and the conflicts of interest. Based on the political and economical impacts of lobbying on the European Union, it could be stated that lobbying has both direct and indirect impacts on the economy along with the economical impacts taken into considerations. A sustained effort has been seen about the regulation that has been made at the Euro pean Union level. In order to overcome the negative aspects of lobbying in the economy, new rules and regulations were taken into considerations along with the encouragement provided to the lobbyists to register themselves. Reference Aspinwall, M. and Greenwood, J., 2013.Collective action in the European Union: interests and the new politics of associability. Routledge. Bache, I., Bulmer, S., George, S. and Parker, O., 2014.Politics in the European Union. Oxford University Press, USA. Berkhout, J., Carroll, B.J., Braun, C., Chalmers, A.W., Destrooper, T., Lowery, D., Otjes, S. and Rasmussen, A., 2015. Interest organizations across economic sectors: explaining interest group density in the European Union.Journal of European Public Policy,22(4), pp.462-480. Bernhagen, P., 2014. Lobbying in the European Union: Interest Groups, Lobbying Coalitions, and Policy Change. Binderkrantz, A.S. and Rasmussen, A., 2015. Comparing the domestic and the EU lobbying context: perceived agenda-setting influence in the multi-level system of the European Union.Journal of European Public Policy,22(4), pp.552-569. Brandt, U.S. and Svendsen, G.T., 2016.The Politics of Persuasion: Should Lobbying be Regulated in the EU?. Edward Elgar Publishing. Bunea, A. and Ibenskas, R., 2015. Quantitative text analysis and the study of EU lobbying and interest groups.European Union Politics,16(3), pp.429-455. Callanan, M. and Tatham, M., 2014. Territorial interest representation in the European Union: actors, objectives and strategies.Journal of European Public Policy,21(2), pp.188-210. Chalmers, A.W., 2013. Regional authority, transnational lobbying and the allocation of structural funds in the European Union.JCMS: Journal of Common Market Studies,51(5), pp.815-831. Dr, A., Bernhagen, P. and Marshall, D., 2015. Interest Group Success in the European Union When (and Why) Does Business Lose?.Comparative Political Studies,48(8), pp.951-983. Klver, H., 2013. Lobbying as a collective enterprise: winners and losers of policy formulation in the European Union.Journal of European Public Policy,20(1), pp.59-76. Klver, H., Braun, C. and Beyers, J., 2015. Legislative lobbying in context: towards a conceptual framework of interest group lobbying in the European Union. Lelieveldt, H. and Princen, S., 2015.The politics of the European Union. Cambridge University Press. Newman, A. and Bach, D., 2014. The European Union as hardening agent: soft law and the diffusion of global financial regulation.Journal of European Public Policy,21(3), pp.430-452. Rasmussen, A. and Carroll, B.J., 2014. Determinants of upper-class dominance in the heavenly chorus: Lessons from European Union online consultations.British Journal of Political Science,44(02), pp.445-459. Richardson, J. and Mazey, S. eds., 2015.European Union: power and policy-making. Routledge. Schmidt, V.A., 2013. Democracy and legitimacy in the European Union revisited: Input, output and throughput.Political Studies,61(1), pp.2-22. Smith, K.E., Fooks, G., Gilmore, A.B., Collin, J. and Weishaar, H., 2015. Corporate coalitions and policy making in the European Union: how and why British American Tobacco promoted Better Regulation.Journal of health politics, policy and law,40(2), pp.325-372. Wallace, H., Pollack, M.A. and Young, A.R. eds., 2015.Policy-making in the European Union. Oxford University Press, USA. Woll, C., 2013. Lobbying under pressure: the effect of salience on European Union hedge fund regulation.JCMS: Journal of Common Market Studies,51(3), pp.555-572.

Sexual Preference, Gender, and Blame Essays - Rape, Sexual Abuse

The Journal of Social Psychology, 2011, 151(5), 592607 Copyright Taylor & Francis Group, LLC Sexual Preference, Gender, and Blame Attributions in Adolescent Sexual Assault MICHELLE DAVIES KERRY AUSTEN PAUL ROGERS University of Central Lancashire ABSTRACT. The study investigated the impact of victim sexual orientation, perpetrator gender, and participant gender on judgements toward a 15-year-old male victim of a depicted sexual assault. One hundred and eight-eight participants (97 male, 91 female) read a hypothetical scenario depicting the sexual assault of a 15-year-old male victim where the victims sexual orientation and the perpetrators gender were varied between subjects. Participants then completed a questionnaire assessing their attributions toward both the victim and the perpetrator. Results revealed that male participants blamed the victim more than female participants when the victim was both gay and attacked by a male perpetrator. All participants, regardless of gender, made more positive judgements toward the female as opposed to male perpetrator. Results are discussed in relation to gender role stereotypes and homophobia. Keywords: gender, homosexuality, sexual assault, sexual preference CHILDREN OF BOTH GENDERS ARE AFFECTED by child sexual abuse (CSA). Fergusson and Mullen (1999) reviewed studies over a period of 20 years and found CSA prevalence rates ranging from 3% to 30% for males and 6% to 62% for females, depending on the definition and type of measure used (see also Bolen, Russell & Scannapieco, 2000). In Britain, the National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children (NSPCC) estimated that around 1.1 million of British girls (21%) and half-a- million British boys (17%) have experienced some form of sexual abuse with around 16% of girls and 7% of boys being victims of contact CSA (that is, CSA where there is direct physical contact between victim and perpetrator, rather than non-contact CSA, which does not involve direct contact, such as forcing a child to watch pornography; Cawson, Wattam, Brooker Nurse, 2006; see Bacon, 2008). Address correspondence to Michelle Davies, University of Central Lancashire, School of Psychology, Preston, Lancashire PR1 2HE, UK; [emailprotected] (e-mail). 592 Davies, Austen, & Rogers 593 More sample-specific rates of the lifetime prevalence of sexual abuse on males have been investigated among gay and bisexual men who had been sexually assaulted both as children and adults. Hickson, Davies, Hunt, Weatherburn, McManus and Coxon (1994) investigated rates of non-consensual sexual activity among 930 gay and bisexual males, living in England and Wales. Of these, 257 (27.6%) had been subjected to non-consensual sexual activity at some point in their lives. In this study 10 of the cases stated the perpetrator was female. Gay and bisexual youths appear to be victimized physically and sexually during childhood and adolescence more so than heterosexual youths (Finkelhor & Dziuba-Leatherman, 1994; see Davies, 2002, for a review of other prevalence studies in relation to male sexual assault). Victims of sexual assaults are sometimes considered partly responsible for their abuse. Howard (1984) found that male victims of (adult) sexual assault were blamed more for their own abuse than were their female counterparts. Moreover, this blaming stemmed from observers negative perceptions of males victims behavior (e.g. looking scared, failing to fight back or escape) during and/or immediately after their ordeal. Such failures to protect oneself during a (sexual) confrontation violate the gender stereotype that men are strong and in control (Thompson & Pleck, 1986) and subsequently increases the amount of responsibility attributed to victims for their own (sexual) assault (Howard, 1984). Perceptions of adult male sexual assault victims also differ in terms of observers endorsement of negative attitudes toward homosexuality. Anderson (2004), for instance, found that expressing high levels of homophobia predicted negative perceptions on male rape victims, more so amongst male than female participants. Additionally, Davies and McCartney (2003) found that whilst heterosexual men blame male rape victims, gay men do not. This gives further support to the notion that holding negative attitudes toward gay men will contribute to the blaming male of sexual assault victims. Finally, several studies have shown that male victims portrayed as gay are blamed more than those portrayed as heterosexual (Burt Davies, Pollard & Archer, 2001, Davies, Pollard Davies, Rogers Davies Ford, Liwag-McLamb Mitchell, Hirschman & Nagayama-Hall, 1999; Wakelin see Davies & Rogers, 2006, for a review), adding further support for the homophobia hypothesis. Another factor to influence attributions toward male sexual assault victims is perpetrator gender. Smith, Pine and Hawley (1988), showed that adult male victims (whose sexual orientation was not specified) were more negatively evaluated when assaulted by a femalerather than maleperpetrator. Davies and colleagues (2006) furthered Smith and colleagues work

Principles of Support for Maintaining Good Personal Hy Essay Example

Principles of Support for Maintaining Good Personal Hy Essay Example Principles of Support for Maintaining Good Personal Hy Essay Principles of Support for Maintaining Good Personal Hy Essay It is important to maintain good hygiene in order to care for your own personal appearance and eliminate body odours which might offend others/embarrass yourself. Personal hygiene refers to cleaning and grooming the body. Personal hygiene is an important way of protecting the body again diseases and infections. Good hygiene promotes self esteem and general well-being. Poor hygiene is known to be ill received by general public. Poor hygiene is known effect people’s health and can lead to health problems as well as appearance.The failure to maintain good personal hygiene can result in illness of different kinds such as the breakdown of skin, ulcers and boils. Poor oral hygiene can lead to heart disease and plaque causing build up in the arteries. Poor hand washing can lead to spread of infectious disease such as salmonella infection. Infrequent washing of hair and skin can lead to acne and low self esteem. Poor hygiene could be a sign for depression Outcome 2You can address the issue of personal hygiene in a sensitive matter by giving the service user the choice of what they want to have either wash/shower/bath and when they want to have one morning/afternoon/evening or if they would like support and how much. Explaining how it might make them feel more refreshed and better about themselves you could also give them the choice of what products they use. How to make an individual aware of the effects of poor hygiene on others Personal hygiene is a topic often brought up during the pre-teen and teen years when a youngsters body is developing.However, there are times when adults need to be reminded about personal care as well. When subtle hints about showering or using  deodorant  have no effect, a conversation is the next  step. This conversation can be uncomfortable for us and the resident but it doesnt need to be. With some preparation and a few helpful props, we can talk to someone about personal hygiene and help him implement improvements. Begin the conversation with a compliment, such as making note that the individuals hair looked very clean the previous day. Continue the conversation by stating the poor hygiene that we have noticed.Will use words like, I have noticed instead of You dont. Simply identify the problem area for the individual, whether that is showering, oral hygiene or something else. Continue the conversation by discussing the personal care steps the individual seems to be skipping. If this appears to be a shower, will ask the individual when she/he showers regularly or if she/he had time to shower that day. Evaluate the individuals response as to why the hygiene step has been skipped. If it wasnt skipped, then the next step would be to discuss how to do it correctly.Will provide a demonstration if possible or offer the correct hygiene products to fulfil the task. State our concern over the individuals hygiene. Phrase the concern carefully and use caring words. Will offer the individual the personal care item she/he may be lacking, such as deodorant or  mouth wash. Will end the conversation by affirming the person. This can be done by stating how much we care for him/her, assuring that this hygiene issue doesnt change our relationship or helping him/her devise a personal care plan. Outcome 3There are many factors that make up good personal hygiene with the main ones being washing, oral care, hair care, nail care, wound care, cleansing of personal utensils, Personal hygiene is as it says, personal. Everybody has their own habits and standards that they have been taught or that they have learnt from others. It is essentially the promotion and continuance of good health. Poor personal cleansing can have a very significant effect on the start and spread of many illnesses through contact with nutritional consumables, some that can be potentially lethal.You need to show that, you develop and maintain relationships that promote the views, preferences and independence of individuals and key p eople. By realising that adults have a right to choose the way they are treated or cared for, take their medication and to decide if they need certain precaution measures. Support and treat all service users as individuals and with respect and dignity when considering their needs and preferences. This involves asking them their opinions on every aspect of their hygiene routine.Finding a balance for those who wish to be as independent as possible, so long as that while doing so they do not put themselves or others at risk. Starting with a warm safe place and talking to the individual about what they want or need to be assisted with personal hygiene, taking care to stay within the boundaries set up in their individual  care plans. Talking about what is going to happen and making sure they understand and are comfortable with what has been said and what will be happening.Making sure they have everything they need before you start so not to interrupt the process causing distress. Ensur ing the other members of the support team know where you are and what is happening so not to be disturbed and finally shutting the door and locking if necessary. When giving personal hygiene cover personal areas that are not being washed making sure the individual is not caused any embarrassment and as a supporter not staring but being relaxed and confident in what is happening. Ensuring throughout that you are listening and asking if everything is ok or if they are feeling uncomfortable.There is a risk that you could catch infections or disease from that individual. For example, if someone had a disease then you would have to take appropriate  steps  to avoid catching it, or if they had a virus staff need to ensure they wear appropriate personal protection equipment There is also a risk to your physical health, for example, if you had to help move someone or support them in their movement in order to carry out personal hygiene, you would want to avoid injuring your back, or som e other part of your body.Others who might be involved supporting someone to maintain their personal hygiene can range from other support workers,  team leaders, key workers or managers of the residential home to professional people such as a district nurse,  dentist  or doctor. But the first stop maybe with the individual them self’s or a family member, for some it maybe an advocate Outcome 4. Injury or Illness- A serious injury can cause some people to develop poor personal hygiene. If they dont feel comfortable asking for help with bathing, this condition may continue until their injury heals.The same can occur when an illness leaves someone feeling weak. Anxiety, depression  or other mental illness may make it hard for people to keep up with bathing. Treatment of the illness is typically required to address this. /Puberty is a difficult time for many pre-teens and teenagers. Sometimes they rebel against puberty with poor personal hygiene. /Age being extremely old or extremely young can make it difficult to have proper personal hygiene. Assistance is often requiredAn individual does not want to expose certain parts of the body (could be cultural or a personal preference and could be any part of the body not just private parts work with them to ensure that their preference is adhered to. An individual has a particular personal hygiene routine (again it could be cultural or personal preference) provide resources and support. An individual gets  confused  and distressed when bathing eg has  dementia   provide a warm room temperature as cold can be distressing, keep calm, use measures that usually calm the individual eg music.

Project Progress Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Project Progress - Assignment Example The cases of identity theft and information un-safeness have increased in many countries and hence the passing of laws for citizen protection. Organizations are expected to create risk management plans that will take precaution on data security and prevent occurrences that threaten the private data of their customers. Information is important to all stakeholders(Gray & Larson,2008). Flayton electronics has recently been involved in digital purchasing by providing the service of purchasing using credit cards. They have failed in protecting the customer’s data and cases of fraud using the credit card information were reported. With this happening, the company exposed its failure to fulfill their legal duty to protect the customer information. The company was expected to have a self-sufficient risk management plan that would analyze and access risks of any project that they are involved in. This would ensure that they design specific responses to any anticipated risk. The risk management manager did not analyze the risks involved in the new business trend and hence the risk occurred hitting the company by surprise. The number of bad cards purchased was above average and hence many goods were purchased wrongly. This means that the company lost a lot of money through purchases made without real or using accounts of other people without their knowledge. The company has not lost only in terms of product reduction but also in terms of capital. This is a draw back to the company since it impossible to retrieve back the goods and is expensive to compensate the customers. The company will also suffer in terms of losing the loyalty of the customers(well-stam,2004). The customers had entrusted the company with their bank information that they failed to protect. It is the expectation of all the customers that their information is kept private and free from being damaged by other people. The customers whose information was wrongly

Group Motivation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Group Motivation - Essay Example All workers in any organization always want something to keep them going. Normally, salaries and wages are always enough to keep workers. These employees should be motivated to work and if this is absent there is always cause deterioration in work output or the work quality. Same to motivation of an audience where both hard sell and soft sell takes place. Incentives on workers ’salaries motivate them intrinsically and an urge to work more hard is seen. According to Mc Gregory theory x and y human being must be motivated to work. Maslow’s’ theory also emphasizes motivation out of satisfaction of human needs to the highest level of satisfaction. A personal life experience is when youths in a community are told to volunteer to clean their environment only a few people show up but when there is motivation in form of wages the turn up will be more than expected. In a nutshell, motivation deals more with human cognitive levels. This is explained by conditioning a human being by introduction of motivators of different levels. Generally people are motivated by provision of what creates a sense of

Human Resource Management in Mercedes-Benz USA Research Paper

Human Resource Management in Mercedes-Benz USA - Research Paper Example The company also provides valuable services as well as depicts professionalism along with fulfilling the needs of the customers. Mercedes-Benz is considered as one of the top companies for the effective management of human resources. There are varied functions which are performed by the HRM of the company. The HRM is entitled with the tasks of ensuring the number of employees or staffs required for the effective performance towards the attainment of the goals of the company. The HRM ensures that the employees who are recruited are provided with proper training facilities for their enhanced performance. The activities are to be performed in accordance with the objectives. The HR department had sorted out the issues for better performance of the employees as well as managing the workforces. The HR department follows personnel as well as management practices as per the regulations and standards of the company. The HRM of the company plays an important part for retaining the brand image with regards to the quality as well as safety along with technological advancement. The HR department recruited outstanding workers for the effective performance of the company towards the attainment of the goals. Therefore, HRM is an important element for leading the company to be considered as one of the top and preferred companies. Mercedes-Benz possesses skilled employees which enable to maintain the competitiveness as along with producing innovative and superior products or services (Daimler AG, 2012). The HRM of the company have to formulate plans for developing competitiveness. The company is competitive with regards to the strategies which will help in having enhanced cost leadership as well as...This paper will discuss the factors had helped the company in maintaining its motive of proving quality as well as differentiated products. Mercedes-Benz US is a corporation entitled with the task of distributing as well as marketing of vehicles. In accordance with the Fortune Magaz ine the company is ranked in the twelfth position among the â€Å"100 best companies to work for in America†. One of the important reasons for acquiring such position by the company is its HRM. The HRM has taken initiatives for providing the employees an environment which will enhance the performance of the employees. There are five dimensions which are â€Å"credibility, respect, fairness, pride as well as camaraderie† that play significant roles for determining the performance of the company. The employees are appropriately trained as well as organized for efficient performance and to attain the goals or objective of the company. The HRM is required to formulate plans and policies which will encourage the employees to perform their tasks in an efficient manner. The HR policies of the company should include all these five dimensions for enhanced performance towards the goal.

The Role Of Librarians In National Development Education Essay

The Role Of Librarians In National Development Education Essay Public libraries are inclusive institutions created for everyone to equally and freely access information for educational, social and cultural development; indeed that is the essence of inclusion. However, this is not true because defining and identifying user inclusion is a difficult task due to the wide range of factors that cause potential users exclusion from using public libraries. This is unfortunate, because the major function of a public library is to meet the information needs of all community members without discrimination. Previous research has shown that librarians usually draw two conclusions about exclusion factors: first, it is users personal preference when they do not use library services; and secondly, inadequate marketing of public library services to the citizenry. This is due to the fact that a public library as an inclusive institution is so ardently incorporated into the identity of public librarianship that questioning the social inclusiveness of libraries rar ely occurs. This paper examines the issue of exclusion, attempts to define the inclusive society, and subsequently makes recommendation on how the librarians can use their professional capacity in service provision to combat the exclusion in the society in turn enhance development. Keywords: Evolving Professional Roles Introduction The term public library first appeared in Latin (bibliotheca publica) as a technical term in the 17th Century to distinguish the general University libraries of Oxford and Cambridge by then from those of endowed libraries (Kinya, 2011). UNESCO (1994) showed its recognition of public libraries when it stated that the public library is the principal means where the records of mans thoughts and ideas and the expression of his imagination are made freely available to all. In its manifesto, UNESCO further directs that the public library shall in principle be free of charge and services should be provided on the basis of equality of access for all persons regardless of age, race, gender, religion, nationality, language or social status. The manifesto declares UNESCOs belief in the public library as a breathing force for education, culture and information and as an indispensable agent for the nurturing of peace and spiritual wellbeing of society. This is in line with Cullen(2003) who define d public library system as a combination of people, activities, events and object resources working together to convert inputs to outputs. Such libraries serve communities with multipurpose information free of charge or at nominal fee (Thompson, 1974). Initially, Tanzania Library Service (TLS), established 1975, succeeding the Tanganyika Library Services Board of 1963. TLS has authority over documentation services, training of librarians public libraries, literary campaigns and it promotes indigenous literature. Public library and Information Access Discussion of the concept of public libraries would bear less meaning if global emphasis on freedom of access to information and the right to information are not mentioned here. The right of access to information is considered as a crucial human right and useful tool for individual, societal prosperity, freedom and development. An informed society exercises it democratic rights and plays a vigorous role in the society. However, productive contribution and the development of democracy depend on acceptable education and unlimited access to thought, culture and information (Kinya, 2011). Freedom of access to information (to use, share and distribute) is a right praised by some as the very core of the information society, and accused by others of being a merely formal standard with little practical reality in a world where the majority of the population does not have access to information (Pateman, 2010). With access to information, people should freely express themselves, since freedom of expression is one of the basic conditions for societys progress and for the development of every man. The effective implementation of freedom of expression requires citizens access to express opinions and to seek information in the public sphere; hence one of the current biggest challenges is to ensure that the exclusive charter of the information society is replaced by inclusiveness. This is something that any popular government in the world should pursue as echoed by some researchers who pointed out that a popular government without popular information or the means of acquiring it is but a prologue to a farce or a tragedy, or perhaps both (Pateman, 2010; Lor, 2003). In support of what the governments should do to realize this dream of developing an informed society, the World Summit on the information society (WSIS) Declaration of 2003 created a vision for the information society. The WSIS defined information society as a people-centered, inclusive and development oriented information society, where everyone can create, access, utilize and share information and knowledge to enable individuals, communities and peoples to achieve their full potential in promoting their sustainable development and improving their quality of life. Unequal access to information leads to unequal distribution of wealth and resources in the world and poverty and lack of infrastructure and development at all levels, for example, health and education. Public Libraries thus form a basic information delivery infrastructure and act as repositories of information and knowledge that provide access to information and ideas to people. This may have been the principle behind the Governing Board of IFLA, in its anniversary meeting in Glasglow, Scotland (2002) that declared that public libraries should: Ensure their services respect equity Provide access to information, ideas and works of imagination in various formats, supporting personal development of all age groups and active participation in society and decision-making process Contribute to the development and maintenance of intellectual freedom and help safeguard basic democratic values and universal civil rights Acquire, preserve and make available to all users without discrimination the widest variety of materials; and Tackle information inequality demonstrated in the growing information gap and the digital divide. Social Information Exclusion Information exclusion and inclusion debates have emerged as strong issues at both national and international levels in the recent past. Social information exclusion offends human dignity, denies information seekers their fundamental human rights which threatens the democracy of any nation. According to UK government, social exclusion is a shorthand term for what can happen when people or areas suffer from a combination of linked problems such as unemployment, poor skills, low income, poor housing, high crime, bad health and family breakdown. Social exclusion can happen to anyone either directly or indirectly. However, some people are significantly more at risk than others (Pateman, 2010). Social exclusion refers to needs of groups and individuals who do not have access to services and facilities or to a societys decision making and or power structures and this is sometimes seen as a key policy issue (Pateman, 2010). Rao (2005) suggested that social exclusion can never be contained in isolation but the effort has to be multidimensional and multi-pronged. These dimensions are both technological and economic and include connectivity, content, community, commerce, capacity, culture, cooperation and capital (Rao, 2000). The prevailing discourse concerning social exclusion reflects a set of views about those who are disadvantaged: suffering from poverty, poor housing and health, family breakdown, unemployment, criminal environments and limited life chances, and about the barriers that prevent their social integration. Social exclusion is the result of combination of linked problems and affects both individuals and communities. The causes are seen as multiple and complex, and therefore need to be tackled in a holistic way rather than each being seen as separate and unrelated. It requires joined-up solutions. This means that the Tanzania Library Services must work together in partnership with both public and private organization to tackle social information exclusion. Exclusion has been seen as the inevitable consequence of economic growth and development. Social and cultural regeneration are now needed to address the problems that have resulted. It is argued that social exclusion denies people their f undamental human rights leading to social and economic instability, marginalization and deepening inequalities, which threatens the stability of democracy in Tanzania . Social Information Inclusion In the context of provision of information to all, social information inclusion refers to giving all people access to the information, services and facilities that they have a right to, and making sure that they are fully aware of and know how to take up their entitlement to these services (MLA, 2007, p.9). Social inclusion has various benefits that include: Democratic participation and understanding Provision of information to all members of a society is essential for public participation in all activities pertaining to the society. The public is truly able to participate in the democratic process only when they have information about the activities and policies of the government. When the public knows the reasons behind some of the government decisions, its support is guaranteed and misunderstandings and dissatisfaction are reduced. This was supported by New Zealand Official Information Act of 1982 which noted that freedom of information could not be expected to end all differences of opinion within the community or to resolve major political issues but when applied systematically can lead to narrow differences of opinion, increase the effectiveness of policies adopted and strengthen public confidence in the system (Pateman, 2010). Improved decision making process Past researches indicate that decisions that are made public due to right to information laws are more likely to be based on objective and justifiable reasons. For example, the Australian law reform commission and administration Review Council in 1997 found out that freedom of information Act has had a marked impact on the way people make decisions and record information. The Commission observed that since the enforcement of the right to information to all, decision makers focused on the need to base decisions on relevant information. Reduce danger of human rights violations Right to information to improve the enforcement of many economic and political rights is greatly enhanced. For example, In Thailand, a mother whose daughter was denied entry into an elite state school demanded the schools entrance exam results. When she was turned down, she appealed to the Information Commission Courts. In the end, she obtained information showing that children of influential people were accepted into the school even if they got low scores. This compelled the council of state to issue an order that all schools accept students solely on merit. In addition, access to individual records ensures such records are accurate and decisions are not based on out-of-date or irrelevant information. The right to information has other advantages that include exposing corruption, making government and the economy more efficient; uncover mismanagement of food supplies; making economic shortages less likely; and expose environmental hazards that threaten health and livelihoods. Aspects of Information Exclusion Literacy levels and language of publications Levels of literacy and the predominance of principal world languages such as English as the language of printed and online information are elements of exclusion. Many oral communities are not able to make meaning through interaction with printed resources, and hence are unable to participate in the envisaged information society. Those oral communities consider interaction with information resources as a one way communication system, quite discontinuous with indigenous forms of communication. To tackle this challenge of literacy, TLS, which is the major public library in Tanzania, through various reading campaigns, provides opportunities for communities to enhance their reading and information seeking habits, and therefore sustain literacy. It is clearly known that, an informed individual has more advantages on proper decision towards development issue compared to a illiterate. Physical Access to libraries According to Kiondo (1998) distance from the library is a crucial factor in its use. The nearer the library, the more people will use it; and the further it is away; the less people will use it. Their research on Camel libraries affirmed this when the findings indicated that more users were within a distance of 1km from where public library services were being offered. Many libraries in Tanzania are concentrated in cities and major towns in Tanzania. This leaves the remote parts of the country excluded from access to information that is crucial for the communities to make informed decisions (Jemo, 2008) as an example from Kenya. Over the years, the Government of Tanzania through the Tanzania Library Services (TLS) has tried to eliminate this kind of exclusion by opening community and mobile libraries. Currently, TLS has over 50 branches spread countrywide. However, much more needs to be done because there are still large populations in exclusion that need to be included. Thus, among the 26 regions in Tanzania, there are still many districts where such libraries have not yet been established. It should be noted that Tanzania economy is backed on agriculture, of which are found in rural areas (districts). Challenged Persons The available public libraries in Tanzania were not designed keeping in mind the needs of the physically and visually challenged information users. This disadvantaged group form party of the society that needs information to enable them participate in all areas of national development. They also need to be sensitized more on their rights; something that can happen only if they have access to relevant information. ICT skills Many public libraries today have developed to what we call hybrid type; providing both print and electronic resources, while putting more emphasis on electronic resources due to their ability to be accessed by multiple users concurrently. Inadequate ICT skills and support to use electronic resources is however a significant factor in preventing certain persons from accessing information in Tanzania. Potential information users in many of the disadvantaged groups are often prevented from making use of ICTs because of low levels of computing and technology skills. This challenge is made more complex by attitudinal barriers with some excluded citizens pointing out that computers are for brainy people, for males, for the young and are difficult to use (Muddiman et al, 2001). Others feel that computers are unsafe because of the amount of unsuitable material on the internet (Botha et al, 2002,p. 22). Further research has indicated some disparities between male and female use in ICTs with access to the internet by male counterparts being greater in developing countries than female (United Nations , 2000). This has had serious implications, especially for women in the participation of national and global economic growth. Connectivity Though internet facilities are fairly spread in Tanzania like any other country in East Africa, there is remarkable concentration in urban centres with institutions far remote from cities experiencing difficulties in getting connection (Mutula,2002), an evidence of low level of exclusion with regard to ICT network. Hence appropriate technology for rural and disadvantaged communities is lacking. Even in the areas where communities are connected and have the skill to access online information they face another challenge of low speed internet and limited bandwidth. For example, to open a document to read takes quite a while because of the snail speed of the internet. Funding The planning, executing and implementation of any programme requires considerable financial support. However, the extent of financial support whether at local government or provincial government level in developing countries and particularly in Tanzania, has not always been consistent (Raju, 1995, p.194). Survey findings of the public library sector in Tanzania revealed inadequate funding and the consequential negative impact on important aspects of public library provision (Leach, 1998). A memorandum drawn up by the Library and Information Association of South Africa (LIASA) and directed at various ministers noted that the public library services have been steadily declining and deteriorating as a result of legislative and funding issues resulting from restructuring of government at national and provincial levels. Public library funding challenges were further emphasized by Ford (2004) who pointed out that funding is one of the major challenges for public libraries around the world. Without adequate funds, public libraries are not able to acquire enough information resources to meet the needs of an inclusive society. Bridging the Information Gap and the Way Forward Librarians as Information providers can make available a variety of information collections which can be used from various physical public library location. A range of publications and access formats can be accommodated, from remote login catalogues and indexes to provision of electronic copies of entire collection or works, in print or other formats (Muddiman etal, 2001). Librarians have knowledge and experiences to build a well-balanced collection to meet social, political and economic interests of the society. This can be enhanced by giving special consideration in provision of information to predominantly oral rural communities in Tanzania. Librarians need to shift focus on documents and focus on information seekers. Traditional librarianship has been based on selecting materials to fill public library shelves and then wait for information seekers to visit the facility in search of information. On the contrary, in order for the library personnel to effectively meet information seekers diverse life needs, the information services have to be informed by the communities in which the libraries operate, and information needs to be based on regular assessment processes. Repackaging the product of orality is essential considering that communities are rich with information that is in oral form that needs to be captured and repackaged (manuscripts and print) in the appropriate media such as video, digital photos, and tapes in a collaborative and ethical manner. This should be based on the understanding of the communities to which the information service is being provided. Librarians should become researchers to enable them to frequently interact with library users and prompt them to define their information needs. It is the responsibility of the librarian to then prioritize highly relevant information from a pool of interesting information according to user preferences (Kenny, 2002). In addition, the librarian should identify through community profiles and other methodologies such as needs analysis, all groups and individuals that are socially excluded or are at risk of information exclusion for inclusion. Librarians should effectively play the role of a reference and referral information manager. This will involve directing members of the knowledge community to outside information when appropriate and maintain high level information about sources outside the community (ibid). A reference librarian needs to be widely knowledgeable in terms of resources and where they can be found for use and appropriately directing information seekers to relevant information resources. Librarians through their professional Associations such as Tanzania Library Association (TLA) should establish a Council Committee on social information exclusion. This Council would be charged with the responsibility of highlighting the plight of those socially excluded, draw up strategies on narrowing the exclusion gap and come up with progress reports. The Council should actively engage the socially excluded people through involving them in the planning, implementation and monitoring of services through performance indicators and targets to measure success achieved in tackling social exclusion. The image and identity of a public library is also an important factor when discussing social inclusion matters. The connotation of some of the public library names is unwelcoming. The librarian can positively influence this by considering local measures such as renaming the libraries, (for example Community resource centres, Idea stores and many more). This is in line with Ward (1996) idea of changing names of libraries when he pointed out that the term mobile information delivery systems is more appropriate than the mobile libraries.The rebranding of a traditional public library name gives it a new image that is proactive, friendly, relevant and easily accessible environment. Other library practices and procedures should be reviewed to ensure they are not barriers to information access. For instance, procedures of becoming public library members should not be over-bureaucratic. Librarians should also establish more self-help public access terminal to overcome barriers to use experi enced by some excluded potential information users. Librarians need to be careful when planning for new public libraries. Priority should be given to those libraries serving communities in greatest need. Relocation and collocation with community centres, schools, leisure centres and other centres used by socially excluded people should be considered in order to improve the impact of public libraries in tackling social exclusion (Pateman, 2010). Working with neighbouring authorities to effectively deliver services to socially excluded communities may be an appropriate action for librarians to take. Collection development needs to be critically examined to ensure that it is comprehensive enough and relevant to the community which the library serves. The policy should be based on the needs and interests of local potential information users, reflecting diversity of society as well as define purpose, scope and content of the collection (Kinya, 2011). Librarians also need to liaise with material suppliers (writers, publishers, booksellers etc.) to identify the range of materials available for socially excluded people and gaps in that provision. To remain relevant, Librarians should draw up ICT plans outlining how the needs of those excluded communities and individuals are to be prioritized (Jemo, 2008).Take a case in Kenya Mutula (2002, p.3) puts it that wider Internet connectivity can enhance Kenyas economic growth meaning more people spending more time on the Internet and many organizations using the Internet to do business and creation of many technical related jobs. It is therefore the responsibility of librarians to improve connectivity, increase access, through use of multiple competing technologies, public and community access points, and sharing of best practices. Public library human resources should also be developed through ICT trainings, enhanced awareness of decision makers, and expansion of ICT learning opportunities to the rural, poor, and disenfranchised (Wolff , 2005). The Future In the context of a government that wishes to give a higher profile to information access, we need to raise critical questions about policies and the role of information access in reducing social exclusion. The emphasis on joined-up thinking at least recognizes the complexities of social and cultural life, and moves citizens away from over simplistic notions about the causes of poverty, unemployment, racism and other forms of discrimination. Librarians need to be aware of making simplistic assumptions, especially when there is prior experience upon which to draw their information decisions for the benefit of the citizenry. Despite their different epistemological bases, it is possible to be argued that there can be no social inclusion unless there is social exclusion. The elimination of social exclusion as a practical activity is unachievable. Moreover, seeking to promote social inclusion heighten awareness of difference and social exclusion. In this sense, we need to understand that non-exclusion is not the same as inclusion, and that we must avoid taking away the freedom of those who choose not to be included. Conclusion The social information exclusion in public libraries in Tanzania is real. Therefore along term effort to meet the needs of the excluded and vulnerable society with a commitment to improved information structures will contribute to meeting the information needs of the excluded information seekers in public libraries. This will only be achieved if there is improved and well coordinated information infrastructure. Regular information user surveys reviews will go a long way in minimizing information provision exclusion and subsequently increase inclusion of information services and programs. Librarians in Tanzania therefore have a greater opportunity to make meaningful contribution to the realization of comprehensive information inclusion.

A Comparison of the Carbon Footprint of Retail Stores Patagonia, H&M, and The Wardrobe :: Global Warming Climate Change Carbon Emissions

Are you worried about global climate change? Have you ever wondered how you contribute to this problem? What about the impact of the clothes you buy? We have put together estimated information from three different types of stores to help you realize options you have as consumers to be more green. Patagonia is an example of an environmentally conscious and globally active store. The same is true for H&M but it aims to provide affordable, fashionable clothing at the same time. The Wardrobe in Davis, California is an example of a local store, community built and owned. It is important to consider the environmental impact of the stores you support and the clothes you buy. Local stores have the lowest impact because their transportation needs are less than those of stores part of a chain. However, although larger stores may emit more carbon simply because they are bigger, some are committed to cutting down on their carbon footprint. CARBON FOOTPRINTS Patagonia 303.66 tons CO2/yr H&M 261,376.75 tons CO2/yr The Wardrobe 54.13 tons CO2/yr Patagonia Patagonia's Carbon footprint of 303.66 tons of CO2 per year was calculated from estimating the lights in each store to 40.89 tons of CO2 (13%) from the electricity for 47 energy saver bulbs, and 182.85 tons of CO2 (61%) from electricity for 100 fluorescent tube lights, 71 tons of CO2 (23%) from the fuels burned for shipping to the stores from the distribution center, 8.23 tons of CO2 (3%) from the fuels burned for shipping clothes from the distribution center to the European stores by sea freight, and 1.3 tons of CO2 ( H&M H&M calculated it emitted 73,593.61 tons of CO2 to power its buildings (28%), 161,273.66 tons of CO2 for transportation of its clothing (62%), 23,517.81 tons of CO2 for business travel (9%), and 2,991.67 tons for fuel for its company cars (1%). The Wardrobe The Wardrobes footprint of 54.13 tons of CO2 per year was calculated using the 4.81 tons of CO2 (9%) from electricity for their four desktop computers, 0.99 tons CO2 (2%) from electricity for the 11 show lights kept lit 24 hours a day, everyday, 1.31 tons of CO2 (2%) from electricity for the 47 lights turned on during store hours equalling 52 hours a week, 6.

National Foundation for Educational Research Essay

Over the last century different techniques have been used to organise children within schools according to what the public and government asked for and needed. For example â€Å"after the Second World War the number and size of schools increased, the tripartite system of secondary education was introduced and there was increased competition for grammar school places† Sukhnandan and Lee (1998 pg. 13). There was a drive for excellence and the 11 plus exam leant itself easily to the administration of streaming. However during the 1960’s research was carried out that suggested streaming had negative social consequences for pupils, which could have been the catalyst for the shift of emphasis from excellence to equality. This resulted in a shift from streaming to mixed ability teaching that continued throughout the 1970’s and 1980’s. Ability grouping, in the form of setting and within class grouping, was sometimes used in higher year groups for linear subjects such as maths, science and modern languages but mixed ability was the main grouping method. The essay question implies that again there has been a shift, this time to setting. Boaler et al (1998) seems to imply that pressures from the government are to blame for this move; suggesting research (Gewirtz, Ball & Bowe, 1993 cited in Boaler et al 1998) indicates some teachers regard the curriculum set out in the 1988 Education Reform Act as incompatible with mixed ability teaching implying that they have no choice. Today’s Governments seem to be increasingly interested in achieving goals and raising standards, even if this means children missing out on the social advantages of mixed ability grouping. Setting seems to reinforce social divisions, as there are a higher proportion of boys, children of lower socio-economic status, children born in the summer and those of ethnic minority backgrounds in the lower sets (Boaler, 1997a, 1997b. Oakes, 1982. Sutton, 1966. Cited in Sukhnandan and Lee, 1998. ) whereas children in mixed ability classes tend to come from a range of different backgrounds. I find this quite extraordinary, as the Scottish Parliament has recently spent millions on an anti-racism campaign. Surely segregating the children, albeit unintentionally, will undermine the message sent out by this campaign? The essay will discuss the advantages and disadvantages research has told us concerning setting. It will begin with the discussion of the effect of teacher’s attitudes and expectations of the set that they are teaching. It will then discuss the limitations pupils face by being placed in sets. It will discuss the social gap created by teaching children in sets. It will also discuss the advantages to the teacher of teaching children in sets and the advantages to the pupils. The essay compares setting to mixed ability teaching on several occasions this is because mixed ability teaching was the technique used before the recommendation to use setting also there seems to only be limited research on the other forms of grouping. Research has shown there to be both advantages and disadvantages to setting. Boaler et al (1998) demonstrated many disadvantages to setting. In their paper they cited a worrying statistic Jackson (1963) â€Å"96% of teachers taught to streamed ability groups† meaning they taught all the children without consideration into their individual differences. Boaler et al (1998) made reference to some of the experiences of pupils in setted mathematics classes, they reported that their teachers consistently made comments such as â€Å"you’re in the top set, you should be able to do this† and â€Å"you’re in the bottom group your not going to learn anything†. These attitudes are undoubtedly detrimental for the child. Boaler et al (1998) reported that children in higher sets were disadvantaged because their teachers had too high expectations of the children they were teaching, one third of the children taught in the highest sets felt they were being pushed to hard, that their lessons were paced too fast and they were under too much pressure to succeed because of their teachers expectations and the competitive ethos between pupils in higher sets. This was discovered to really upset certain children, Boaler et al, (1998) â€Å"I mean I get really depressed – it really depressed me, the fact that everyone in the class is like really far ahead and I just don’t understand†. It was reported that girls were the most affected by this citing the fact that although girls have been reported to be overtaking boys in all subjects boys still get the highest grades in mathematics (where the use of setting is dominant). The complete reverse was reported for those in lower sets, who felt that their lessons were too slow; they weren’t being challenged so lost interest. They believed that their teachers had no faith in them. This would then lead to a self-fulfilling prophecy, they have no option but to perform to the set that they are allocated, if they are not encouraged then they will languish in the bottom sets their entire school life. This causes a self fulfilling prophecy, if they are told that they’re incapable of anything more they will begin to believe it, so they wont try to do anything more. Even if the children in the lower sets worked to be moved up into the higher sets they are unlikely to be successful. Teachers teach the children in specific sets to different tiers of an exam, so those in lower groups will not learn the same things as those in higher groups so movement between the sets would be difficult. The idea that children are taught to specific tiers is generally problematic because children are allocated to sets up to three years before they sit the exam and as mobility is rare this can have detrimental effects on their attainment if they were aware that they could only get a low grade. Boaler et al (1998) reported that only some children actually knew the implications of this. The teachers high expectations of those in higher sets and low expectations of those in lower sets causes a further social gap between the sets, those in the top sets will be called â€Å"boffins† and those in the lower sets will be seen as â€Å"stupid†. This is further intensified by the allocation of better qualified and more experienced teachers to higher sets even though research suggests (Black and Wiliam, 1998, p42 cited in Boaler et al 1998) that this type of high quality teaching is more beneficial to those children in lower sets who need more guidance as they are more easily distracted. The lower ability children will recognise that the higher ability children are seen as better and again this will have detrimental effects on their self-esteem causing them to become interested in anti-educational activities where â€Å"it’s cool to be alienated† (Hallam article from TES website, Passmore 2002) and will heighten the rift between the ability groups. In a mixed ability class for example there is a reduced distinction between children’s ability, which is beneficial to the children. There is even the suggestion that children of lower ability use those of higher ability as role models. A further problem could be caused because of a distinction made between academic and vocational subjects. Only subjects such as Maths, Science, English and Modern Languages are set while subjects such as Art and Music are mixed ability as a general rule. Children who are good at art and music may not feel as valued as those who are good at maths. The emphasis for teachers seems to be applied to children in higher sets because they get taught by the best teachers and get taught in the best classrooms. Also the children who aren’t interested may distract other children in these mixed ability groups. Ultimately this will lower their self-esteem and have a negative effect on their attainment in and feelings for the subject. Of cause there must be advantages to setting otherwise the First Minister wouldn’t have recommended it. One major advantage is that, compared to mixed ability teaching, it’s easier for teachers to implement as they can pitch work at a level that is more appropriate for the level the children are at. In mixed ability teaching a large majority of the class are unsupervised while setting lends itself to whole class teaching. This would appear to benefit those children in both higher and lower ability groups. Children in higher ability groups could be neglected and left to get on with their work in mixed ability classes while in sets these children will be given more attention, the children in with less ability will feel less inferior and more confident in groups of children with similar ability. Another benefit for high ability children is that low ability children who don’t want to learn will not distract them. The government is aiming to raise standards so it’s understandable to want to give children of higher ability a better chance. Research (Kulik and Kulik, 1982. 1987. Cited in Sukhnandan and Lee, 1998. ) shows that gifted and high ability children achieve more when placed in sets than they do when placed in mixed ability groups. It’s believed by some that high ability pupils benefit in groups with similar ability because it increases motivation by providing appropriate challenges and competition. There is also the implication that the children will be like-minded, facilitating the opportunity for them to discuss and ‘bounce ideas’ between each other. Possibly the main reason why the First Minister recommended this form of ability grouping is because all the research conducted in this area conflicts resulting in there being no truly consistent findings on the effect of ability grouping for pupil achievement. His recommendation could therefore be based on the fact that setting is easier for teachers so it is more likely children will be taught effectively. His main concern appears to be with raising standards and setting is easier to manage and improve than mixed ability teaching as set guidelines can be given for the attainment targets for each set. The blame for these inconsistent findings has been given to the research methods used. There’s a suggestion made that the outcome of ability grouping isn’t the only thing being tested. The quality of teaching, the teacher’s expectations, the pupil’s expectations and the materials available will all effect the pupil’s achievement. The evidence seems to produce more disadvantages to setting than advantages. The main ones being social rather than necessarily academic. However a child will perform better if they are happy and confident. Being labelled as â€Å"set 6† is not good for a child’s self esteem or confidence especially when teachers reinforce the idea that they are not as ‘good’ as those in higher sets. This ultimately leads to a self-fulfilling prophecy, which eventually causes the child to lose all interest. If the First Minister’s objective really is to raise standards then shouldn’t he be focussing on these low ability children and trying to raise their attainment levels? High ability groups also suffer because of the expectation that they are more capable than they actually there. To improve this it might be necessary to re-teach teachers on pupil differences and explain that all the children within the set are not identical. For this to occur they’d have to be a reduction in the emphasis placed on meeting targets, teachers need the flexibility to return to areas that children are finding difficult. When all said and done isn’t education for the benefit child? The First Minister’s recommendation needs to be accompanied by guidelines for teachers on how they can avoid the negative effects of homogeneous grouping. These guidelines should include careful planning, using well-defined targets and remaining aware of the negative effects of ability grouping (GB. Scottish Office. HMI, 1996. Cited in Sukhnandan and Lee, 1998. ) There could also be a move away from emphasis on academic achievement to more recognition of non-academic achievements to restore the self-esteem of children in lower ability groups (Elton Report, 1989. Taylor, 1993. Cited in Sukhnandan and Lee, 1998. ) His recommendation was probably the right one considering the drive to raise standards and make teachers lives easier. Because of the lack of conclusive evidence for what type of grouping is more beneficial academically for the child he was right to choose the method that could be most easily implemented and controlled. However this lack of conclusive evidence means that more research needs to be carried out to discover what the best form of grouping is. To do this researchers will have to establish what is ultimately best for the child, possibly new ways of grouping could be developed or the old ways upgraded.