Quality Factors - Free Essay Example

Patient centered care is defined as â€Å"†¦Providing care that is respectful of, and responsive to, individual patient preferences, needs and values, and ensuring that patient values guide all clinical decisions† (Institute of Medicine, 2001, 3). There are a number of factors that influence delivery of patient centred care, broadly falling under the umbrellas of management leadership, the care environment, and, medical factors. For these factors to work efficiently, and towards the best possible healthcare outcome for the patient, effective communication is necessary. Patient centered care is dependant on a number of factors. First, by the effective coordination of service overseen by efficient and visionary management and leadership.   Second, creating well-appointed care environments for both staff and patients. Third, by providing an appropriate level of care in terms of medical practice, thereby enabling successful patient care. Finally, through the continuous effective use of communication and use of technology; this latter factor important to the functioning of the prior factors. Effective patient centered care is dependant on the decisions of the management and leadership of healthcare organizations and professionals (Shaller, 2007; Parand, Dopson, Renz, Vincent, 2014, 1-2).   Management must be supportive of the lower levels of management and leadership in the healthcare facility, and must implement policies and practices supportive of these individuals.   This occurs through strategic business plans and goals, which incorporate feedback from staff and other stakeholders. There must also be recognizable and measurable benchmarks for all stages of the patient centered care delivery practice of the organization. There must be technology supportive of the healthcare environment, of staff, patients, and patients’ families. Supportive technology includes   electronic patient records; the ability of new technology to ‘talk’ to old technology, and training for staff. Staffing, at the appropriate levels, including sufficient technology st aff to address the technology needs of the healthcare facility, is also very important. The care environment must be supportive of the needs of staff, patients, and patients’ families (Stone, Hughes, Dailey, 2008, 2-10). There needs to be constant awareness of patients’ concerns together with staff concerns, i.e., staff continued professional education, multidisciplinary care teams for patients.   This involves shared information and skills of all the healthcare professionals, that is, a collaborative care team working in a collegial collaborative care teams. The involvement of the patient’s caregivers in any supportive care of the patient is also important, and technology can help facilitate this. This also applies to the family and friends, with the patient’s approval, in the care of the patient. Awareness and sensitivity to patient’s non-medical needs, as well as the patient’s spiritual beliefs and practices are also important. Technology in the form of phones and televisions in rooms, as well as Internet access, will enha nce the care environment for the patient. For staff, technology that enables interaction with other healthcare professionals and with patients also facilitates a comfortable and welcoming environment. In terms of medical factors, important to the duty of care of the patient, issues such as following medical guidelines regarding medical directives, policies, following personal protective equipment policies, are among the elements of ensuring appropriate medical care for the patient (Carayon Wood, 2010, 1-8). On-going training of staff and education regarding current medical practices and research, should be consistent and a supportive environment for staff, e.g., awareness of issues like violence in the workplace, play an important part in ensuring appropriate patient centered care. Communication technology enables the foregoing factors to function effectively. Supportive technology facilitates both the healthcare professional and the patient; that is, technology â€Å"†¦engages patients and families directly in the care process† (Shaller, 2007, 17). Technology can be used to allow better communication between healthcare professionals and their patients, as well as the patients’ families (Shaller, 2007, 2). Electronic patient records also allow multi-disciplinary healthcare teams to better share patient information, in a timely manner. Electronic patient records goes beyond simply patient records. If healthcare professionals can digitize x-rays, test results, and other pertinent patient medical information, this enables more efficient transfer of information between health care departments and even healthcare systems (Shaller, 2007, 6). Technology also facilitates outpatient care in terms of self-care, as well as health promotion. This allows a certain amount of patient autonomy as a part of a self-care program (Shaller, 2007, 6) * Technology * Communication * Collaboration * Shared decision making * Laws, regulations, and policies 2. Analyze changes in technology and their effect on quality patient care. 3. Explain the roles of communication, collaboration, and shared decision making. 4. Consider communication and collaboration between health care team members, between the patient and staff, and involving insurance companies.

Civil War The United States Of The Western Hemisphere

t compiled to cause the Civil War in the later years. Although there is the negative effect, the positive is also very big in that inventions like the Cotton Gin improved society and the economy. John Quincy Adams (The Monroe Doctrine) John Quincy Adams was the sixth president of the United States of America. His term began March of 1825 and lasted up until March 1829. He was very influential in that he served in President Monroe’s cabinet and was a figure involved in the writing of the Monroe Doctrine. The Monroe Doctrine although initially served little influence, became known as a long-term foundation of the U.S. foreign policy. Inscribed within the contents of the Monroe Doctrine, the most fundamental base for U.S. policy towards the nations of the Western Hemisphere. There were four basic components to the Monroe Doctrine. It mainly served to warn European powers to stay out of Latin America’s affairs. First and foremost, it emphasized the fact that the Western Hemisphere wasn’t open to colonize. Second, it aimed to reiterate that Europe and America had political systems that were different. Third, it warned that any interference to the Western Hemisphere or any of its affairs would be regards as interference and thus considered a threat to security. Lastly, it mad the point that the U.S. would not get involved in any wars in Europe or change any colonies already established in the areas of the Western Hemisphere. Even though the Doctrine was invoked many times withShow MoreRelatedThe Doctrine Of The United States1227 Words   |  5 PagesAmerica, the United States would have to intervene Due to defaulted debts to European investors, German, Great Britain, and Italian blocked the ports of Venezuela until the debts were paid off. They assured President Theodore Roosevelt that this blocking was only temporary and there were no territorial ambitions, which would violate the Monroe doctrine. This blockage was part of Venezuela’s crisis of 1902-1903, and because of this crisis, United States were not too far from going to war with ImperialRead MorePrimary Cause Of The Civil War Essay838 Words   |  4 Pages The Civil War began from the battle at Fort Sumter, where the Confederacy took Fort Sumter from the Union.The root of the Civil War is probably one of the most disputed topics in American history. Some historians argue that slavery was the primary cause of the American Civil War, where as others argue that slavery may have been a reason, but not the primary cause of the Civil War. They argued that the main reason of the Civil War was State’s rights were being jeopardized, which led to the State’sRead MoreInternational Events Involving The U.s. Military Essay1096 Words   |  5 PagesCanal. Most importantly, the U.S. along with other allies entering World War I and II showed just how dominant the U.S. was, both domestically and internationally. Showing pure dominance over other countries, the U.S. became the Policemen of the World, which is still thriving today. This paper will describe international events involving the U.S. military that can be traced back to a foreign policy created after the Civil War, as well as aspects of U.S. history since 1865 that have led to the U.SRead MoreHistory Of The Monroe Doctrine Of 1823 Essay1076 Words   |  5 Pagesstrict policy towards the European powers. It wanted to keep the U.S. trade safe from European powers and colonization. Without this important doctrine/document the Europeans would have most likely colonized, interfered with, and disrupted the western hemisphere and also the trade systems connected with them. The U.S. also would not be a balanced nation and have a balanced foreign policy without the Monroe Doctrine, which was also known as the back bone of the U.S. foreign policy. The History of theRead MoreThe Truman Doctrine Was A United States Foreign Policy1574 Words   |  7 PagesDoctrine was a United States foreign policy established by President Harry S. Truman (1945-1953) in 1947. The policy stated that the US would provide military and financial support to Greece and Turkey to prevent them from falling to communism. This started a policy of â€Å"containment† which would persist for many years to come. After World War II left most of the world devastated, the US and the Soviet Union emerged as the two global superpowers and despite being allies during the war, the two becameRead MoreDemocracy Essay examples678 Words   |  3 Pagesall people. This is the system of government that United States are base on. The United States, Cuba, and Democracy During the Clinton administration, the sentiment has been proclaimed on so many occasions by the president and other political leaders, and dutifully reiterated by the media, that the thesis: Cuba is the only non-democracy in the Western Hemisphere is now nothing short of received wisdom in the United States. Let us examine this thesis carefully for it has aRead MoreThe United States And The War Of 18121144 Words   |  5 Pages The United States of America triumphed in the Revolutionary War, emerging as an independent nation. Thereafter, they had an arduous task of building their economy and earning recognition amongst other nations. George Washington, the presiding president, promoted Alexander Hamilton, a thirty-four year old former officer of the Continental Army, as the Secretary of Treasury. He devised plans on how to simultaneously generate revenue and deal with war debts. Inevitably, the United States encounteredRead MoreThe War Of 1905 And The United States863 Words   |  4 Pages After the expansion of power in the federal government in domestic affairs, the Progressive presidents did not want to project American power outside of the borders just yet. At first, their interventions were primarily in the Western Hemisphere. Between 1901 and 1920, U.S. marines landed in Caribbean countries over twenty times. These ships were sent off to establish stable access to raw materials like sugar and banana s, and for the bankers with loans to local governments that might not be repaidRead MoreThe Monroe Doctrine Post Monroe Essay1310 Words   |  6 PagesDoctrine and admonishing the European powers to disengage themselves from matters concerning the Western Hemisphere. Tyler asserted (during his 1842 address) that, â€Å"Carefully abstaining from all interference in questions exclusively referring themselves to the political interests of Europe, we may be permitted to hope an equal exemption from the interference of European governments in what relates to the States of the American Continent† . Tyler extended presidential authority and lay emphasis on westwardRead MoreU.s Expansionism : Manifest Destiny1363 Words   |  6 Pagescontinents. As the United States grew in authority, so did its concept of expansionism. This very concept brought about the war with Mexico which led to the United States receiving what is now known as the southwest. At the outset, the market revolutio n, advancements in transportation, and increasing nationalism drove Americans to seek opportunities to spread the virtues of the United States across the continent and beyond. The belief in manifest destiny caused the United States to expand from â€Å"sea

Diabetes An Essential Strategy For Controlling Type 2...

Diabetes is the major cause of morbidity and mortality, and it may lead to multiple conditions (Ghafoor, Riaz, Eichorst, Fawwad Basit, 2015). The incidence of diabetes complications can be reduced if the clients are able to control their blood sugar level (BGL), thereby reducing hospital interventions and health care costs (Kewming D Amore, Eleanor Mitchell, 2016). Hence client education is said to be the corner stone of diabetes management (O’Brien, Cardwell, Nair Hardy, 2015). Diabetes self-management education (DSME) is an essential strategy for controlling Type 2 Diabetes. The DSME aims to modify lifestyle and to promote self-management practices, thereby promoting positive metabolic outcomes (Ghafoor, Riaz, Eichorst, Fawwad Basit, 2015). Rural district nurses provide diabetes education for their clients by promoting client engagement, regular assessment and encouraging clients to follow medical advice (Dunning, 2013). In my clinical setting Type 2 diabetic education is conducted by the rural nurse. Initially, the rural nurse assesses the literacy level of health consumers and family by holistic communication. Thereafter, the nurse educates the client on appropriate interventions to manage signs, symptoms and possible complications of diabetes and how to live with it (Padgett, Mumford, Hynes Carter, 2013). This involves education, usually through home visits, about control of blood glucose, medications and their side effects, appropriate diet and exercise,Show MoreRelatedDiabetes Case Study1337 Words   |  6 Pagespumps are not more effective than injections at helping people with type 1 diabetes control their blood sugar levels and people with type 2 diabetes can control their glucose level by following a healthy meal plan and losing excess weight and by taking medications. The medications will often change during the course of the disease for each person. Insulin also is usually used with type 2 diabetes to control glycaemia (National Diabetes statistics report, 2014). The people have sufficient training couldRead MoreThe Truth About Diabetes And Diabetes Essay1536 Words   |  7 Pages The Truth about Diabetes Many do not understand the dangers and complications that Diabetics go through. Some people desire to touch bases on the subject; however they do not want to tell all the details of everything that goes on, due to it being a vast detailed subject. This research paper will acknowledge the unknown factors that many do not realize contribute to where diabetes can come from, who all can get diabetes, what it can do to your body and any other unspoken details that peopleRead MoreAbstract. This Paper Will Share Some Steps Towards A Proposal1720 Words   |  7 Pagespaper will share some steps towards a proposal for a diabetes prevention program (DPP) Model. For many years, the medical community has struggled with questions about the implementation of a diabetes prevention program to offset the growing need to curb the increasing diabetes epidemic of children and adolescent in the Queens community. With ample evidence, the Kick-Start program will be helpful in preventing or delaying the on set of full-blown diabetes and helping those at risk; it will save money. Kick-StartRead MoreDiabetes : A Silent Killer1698 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"Diabetes is a silent killer† (Demille 2005, p.5). It is a metabolic disorder that can result in impaired quality of life and serious complications. This study aims to understand the case of Mr. Skyler Hanson who is newly diagnosed with Diabetes Mellitus Type 1 that leads to diabetic ketoacidosis which was confirmed by the presence of moderate to high ketones in the urine and a high blood glucose level. It was noted that he has a history of fatigue, headache, abdominal pain, nausea and frequent urinationRead MoreDPN Case Study738 Words   |  3 PagesManagement: Management of DPN can be classified into two strategies: Etiopathogenetic treatments which target the underlying causes and pharmacological treatments to alleviate the painful symptoms of PDN and normalize physical and psychological functioning. The glycemic control: several studies showed that intensive glycemic therapy can result in a statistically insignificant reduction in the development of neuropathy. (Callaghan BC, et al 2012) Support for a positive effect of intensive treatmentRead MoreCase Study Of Diabetes1327 Words   |  6 PagesResults: The final analysis was done with the data of 236 type 2 diabetic patients in MR and HR categories based on KDIGO classification with dyslipidemia and hypertension and they were followed up for the period of one year. Of 236 patents, 115 patents were followed up intensively. The demographic, anthropometric details of the study population were presented in table 1. In both the groups’ majority of the participants were males with the diabetic duration of 12.2 and 11.5 years in group I and GroupRead MoreUnderstanding And Understanding Of The Type 2 Diabetes Essay3248 Words   |  13 PagesABSTRACT Type 2 Diabetes also known as non-insulin-dependent diabetes, the most common diabetes, affecting 95% of the 29.1 million Americans or 9.3% of the diabetic population of United States in 2012. This paper aims to provide the gaps in our understanding of the Type 2 Diabetes by examining the functions of the pancreas in controlling the sugar levels in the human body and enhance our ability to distinguish the anatomy of the human pancreas. The author also attempts a better understanding of theRead MoreThe Benefits of Reducing the Intake of Fast Food664 Words   |  3 Pageschange the behavior for the better. There are various benefits of reducing the intake of fast food, strategies and challenges of changing my behavior which will be analyzed. There are three benefits I will enjoy by reducing the fast food consumption. First, the change of the behavior will assist in improving my immunity. This is because of the fact that keeping a healthy and balanced diet is an essential aspect when it comes to strengthening the immunity. The second benefit of changing the behaviorRead MoreDiabetes : How Your Body Handles Glucose1339 Words   |  6 PagesWhat is diabetes you might ask? It’s a lifelong disease that affects how your body handles glucose, a kind of sugar, in your blood. It means the blood sugar or blood glucose is too high. If your body doesn’t make enough insulin, or insulin doesn’t work the way it should, glucose can’t get into your cells. Instead, glucose stays in your blood. Glucose comes from the food you eat. Your blood carries glucose to all the cells in your body. These cells use glucose for energy. Insulin is a hormone madeRead MoreDiabetic Peripheral Neuropathy Essay1619 Words   |  7 PagesDiabetic Peripheral Neuropathy (DPN) is one of the most common microvascular complications in diabetes and can result in foot ulceration, ampuation and an impaired quality of life(Carrington AL, et al 2002,Boulton AJ,et al 2004). The reported prevalence of diabetic peripheral neuropathy ranges from 16% to as high as 66%2 and its prevelance is believed to increase with the duration of diabetes and poor glucose control.(Boulton AJ.et al 2000) It’s accounts for 50–75% of non-traumatic amputations in

Human And Environmental Interactions Of The Salem Creek...

Human and Environmental Interactions Each watershed varies depending on location. The Salem Creek watershed naturally consists of rocks, vegetation, water, clay and loam soils, slopes, and juvenile aquatic life. Conversely, there is naturally some stream bank and soil erosion. As for human features, the watershed consists of drainage pipes, sewage pipes, bridges, mounds of cement, and pollution sources. Most of the human features are generally in the highly urbanized areas of the watershed, which consists of northwestern portion of Winston-Salem, NC. There were also impervious surfaces bordering both sides of the watershed. On the stretch parallel to Old Salem Road, there was Old Salem Road on one side of the watershed, and housing and other buildings on the other. With the portion that is appears near South Main Street, there is a multiuse development and major road bordering it. There is also cement on the furthest side of the watershed and a sidewalk on the other that border the w ide portion of the watershed that is located in the Salem Creek Greenway. Many of these impervious surfaces have drainage systems that run directly into the watershed. As shown above in the center picture, there is direct drainage from the street to the watershed with no type of filtration, which in return has cause the glistening polluted puddle in front of the drainage pipe. Salem College as well as Old Salem are large tourists attractions for Winston-Salem, NC. In order to continue the

Review Of Khaled Hosseini s Kite Runner Essay - 1386 Words

I was on a plane when I finished reading Khaled Hosseini’s Kite Runner, but my public surroundings didn’t deter me from crying as I would have, snuggled under the covers in my bed. This book transported me to another world, with atrocities that I could never have imagined; and the worst part was that it is based on history. Literature like this has the power to convey themes and ideas through the stories and actions of characters. In his book How to Read Literature like a Professor, Thomas Foster teaches his readers to become aware of this power by describing the recurring ideas that appear in literature, and what they mean. After reading this book, one of the chapters that stood out to me, because it reminded me of The Kite Runner, was chapter 11: â€Å"More Than It’s Gonne Hurt You: Concerning Violence†. Violence in literature, according to Foster, has cultural and societal implications, though in real life, an act of violence may not contain any meaning beyond sheer aggression. Foster makes the distinction that in mystery novels, violence lacks the extra layer of meaning, because the author writes it in for a different purpose entirely. After having watched several detective shows, I can confirm that the violent act merely serves as a means of creating a plot at the beginning, while the emphasis of the plot is more focused on how the mystery is solved, rather than the reason for the act of violence in the first place. However, in most other genres, violence contains anotherShow MoreRelatedThe Kite Runner By Khaled Hosseini1941 Words   |  8 PagesKhaled Hosseini’s novel The Kite Runner readers are interested to learn about the society in Afghanistan. The author wrote the book in a way that anyone of any age that reads it can relate to it. As an Afghan- American novelist, Ho sseini’s language used in the book was understandable to both American and Afghan readers. The success of the book made it to the New York Times #1 top sellers best list in 2005 gaining more recognition for the book. The book has been making a tremendous amount of successRead MoreThe Kite Runner By Khaled Hosseini.published Essay1264 Words   |  6 PagesThe Kite Runner is the kind of novel portraying the common issues of the lives of parents and children. The Kite Runner is the first novel by Afghan-American author Khaled Hosseini.Published by Riverhead Books, it recounts the narratives of Amir, a young boy from the WazirAkbar Khan district of Kabul, whose closest companion is Hassan, son of his father s servant Hazara. The story is situated against a backdrop of turbulent and volatile events, from the fall of Afghanistan s monarchy through theRead MoreThe Kite Runner By Khaled Hosseini1574 Words   |  7 Pagesin Khaled Hosseini’s, The Kite Runner, is love. The Kit e Runner follows Amir, the main character, finding redemption from a series of traumatic childhood events. Throughout the novel, the author uses many powerful symbols to represent the complexity of love that many experience in relationships. The use of the kite, the pomegranate tree, the slingshot, and the cleft lip all tie together to underscore a universal theme of love. To begin, the most explicit symbol present in the book is the kite. TheRead MoreThe Kite Runner By Khaled Hosseini1083 Words   |  5 PagesIn my view The Kite Runner is an epic story with a personal history of what the people of Afghanistan had and have to endure in an ordinary every day life; a country that is divided between political powers and religiously idealistic views and beliefs which creates poverty, and violence within the people and their terrorist run country. The story line is more personal with the description of Afghanistan s culture and traditions, along with the lives of the people who live in Kabul. The story providesRead MoreJsdgflka3918 Words   |  16 Pageslearn to independently analyze and compare and contrast literary and cinematic content using formal prose writing. âž ¢ Complete assigned homework. An example of homework assignments, other than the required reading, is bringing to class for a peer review workshop well-developed, word-processed drafts of your required course essays. Learning Objective: Students learn how to draft successful papers in stages; to respond critically and constructively to the work of their fellow students and thereby toRead MoreReview Of A Thousand Splendid Suns Essay3732 Words   |  15 Pagesportrays the theme of war and it’s after-effects in full limelight and thus the research topic is very much related to it. INTRODUCTION Khaled hosseini is an American novelist who was born and brought up in Afghan . He practiced medical and was a physician until the success of his first novel ‘The Kite Runner’.He talks about Kabul and it’s conditions at the time of war in all his three novels from different perspectives. The novel A ThousandRead MoreThe Kite Runner By Khaled Hosseini2133 Words   |  9 Pagesâ€Å"There is only one sin, only one. And that is theft... When you tell a lie, you steal someone s right to the truth. When you cheat, you steal the right to fairness... there is no act more wretched than stealing† (Hosseini, 2004). Though this quote by Khaled Hosseini is written concerning a situation in fictional story, The Kite Runner, the words still ring true in our lives. A large portion of our days consists of communication and interactions between one another at work, home, and social groups/eventsRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book And The Mountains Echoed By Khaled Hosseini2562 Words   |  11 Pagesobjective of this thesis is to review the book ‘And the mountains echoed’ by Khaled Hosseini. This thesis will deal with the characters and the emotions they portray throughout the book. The book was published in 2013 and received a favourable response overall. It late r on became a bestseller like the author’s other two books: ‘The kite runner’ and ‘A thousand splendid suns’. Within a short span of 5 months, it sold over 3 million copies. Being his pattern, Hosseini drew on his early experiencesRead MoreLiterary Criticism : The Free Encyclopedia 7351 Words   |  30 Pagesnovel is sometimes used interchangeably with Bildungsroman, but its use is usually wider and less technical. The birth of the Bildungsroman is normally dated to the publication of Wilhelm Meister s Apprenticeship by Johann Wolfgang Goethe in 1795–96,[8] or, sometimes, to Christoph Martin Wieland s Geschichte des Agathon of 1767.[9] Although the Bildungsroman arose in Germany, it has had extensive influence first in Europe and later throughout the world. Thomas Carlyle translated Goethe’s novel

A study on motivational factors influencing work place behaviour of employees free essay sample

This project is entitled A STUDY ON MOTIVATIONAL FACTORS INFLUENCING WORK PLACE BEHAVIOUR OF EMPLOYEES with reference to â€Å"TAQA NEYVELI POWER COMPANY Pvt. , Ltd. ,†, located at Neyveli. In this company there are 145 employees including the staff members. For this study, I have chosen a sample size 30 employees through a systematic sampling. This study helps to know the factors that are influencing the motivational level of employees in the organization. This project had been undertaken by me to find out the needs and wants of the employees to motivate them. Under this Study a questionnaire that contained the questions relating to the employees expectations are given to them and their responses are recorded. The gathered data had been analyzed relating to employee motivations. CHAPTER-1 1. INTRODUCTION The project work titled as A STUDY ON MOTIVATIONAL FACTORS INFLUENCING WORK PLACE BEHAVIOUR OF EMPLOYEES with special reference to TAQA NEYVELI POWER COMPANY Pvt. , Ltd. ,, is mainly conducted to identify the factors which will motivate the employees in that organization. Management’s basic job is the effective utilization of human resources for achievements of organizational objectives. The personnel management is concerned with organizing human resources in such a way to get maximum output to the enterprise and to develop the talent of people at work to the fullest satisfaction. Motivation implies that one person, in organization context a manager, includes another, say an employee, to engage in action by ensuring that a channel to satisfy those needs and aspirations becomes available to the person. In addition to this, the strong needs in a direction that is satisfying to the latent needs in employees and harness them in a manner that would be functional for the organization. Employee motivation is one of the major issues faced by every organization. It is the major task of every manager to motivate his subordinates or to create the ‘will to work’ among the subordinates. It should also be remembered that a worker may be immensely capable of doing some work; nothing can be achieved if he is not willing to work. A manager has to make appropriate use of motivation to enthuse the employees to follow them. Hence these studies focus on the employee motivation among the employees of Premier Buildings Materials Ltd. , The data needed for the study has been collected from the employees through questionnaires and through direct interviews. Analysis and interpretation has been done by using the statistical tools and data’s are presented through tables and charts. 1. 1INDUSTRY PROFILE: Energy has been universally recognized as one of the most important inputs for economic growth and human development. There is a strong two-way relationship between economic development and energy consumption. On one hand, growth of an economy, with its global competitiveness, hinges on the availability of cost-effective and environmentally benign energy sources, and on the other hand, the level of economic development has been observed to be reliant on the energy demand. Coal India now ranks third amongst the coal producing countries in the world. Being the most abundant fossil fuel in India till date, it continues to be one of the most important sources for meeting the domestic energy needs. It accounts for 55% of the country’s total energy supplies. Through sustained increase in investment, production of coal increased from about 70 MT (million tonnes) (MoC 2005) in early 1970s to 382 MT in 2004/05. Most of the coal production in India comes from open pit mines contributing to over 81% of the total production while underground mining accounts for rest of the national output mainly from Neyveli (MoC 2005) 1. 2COMPANY PROFILE: TAQA Abu Dhabi National Energy Company, PJSC (TAQA) Type state-owned Traded as ADX: TAQA Industry Energy Founded 2005 Headquarters Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates Owner(s) Government of Abu Dhabi Employees 2,800 (Aug 2011) Subsidiaries TAQA North, TAQA Bratani Website www. taqa. ae The Abu Dhabi National Energy Company, PJSC (TAQA) (ADX: TAQA) is a government controlled energy holding company of Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates. TAQA is one of Abu Dhabi’s flagship companies and as such has an important role to play in helping to deliver the economic strategy of the Emirate of Abu Dhabi. [citation needed] History TAQA was founded in June 2005 pursuant to the provisions of Emiri Decree in 2005 as a public joint stock company. In May 2006 TAQA appointed Mr. Peter E. Barker-Homek, an American businessman, as its first CEO. TAQA expanded quickly under the guidance of Mr. Barker-Homek, making several key acquisitions in Africa and North America In Canada, TAQA acquired Northrock Resources Ltd. (US$ 2 billion) Pioneer Natural Resources Canada Inc (US$ 540 million) and PrimeWest Energy Trust (US$ 5 billion). In 2008 TAQA acquired several North Sea assets from Shell U. K. Limited and Esso Exploration and Production (UK) Limited. The purchase included all equity, associated infrastructure and production licenses relating to the Tern, Eider, Cormorant North, South Cormorant, Kestrel and Pelican fields and related sub-sea satellite fields. [citation needed] In late 2009 Mr Barker-Homek relinquished his position as CEO and was replaced by Carl Sheldon. Operations TAQAs main focus of investments is the companies engaged in power generation, water desalination, and production and storage of oil and gas. In addition, it has invested in mining, metal, and services sectors. TAQA has investments in over 60 companies. Its principal wholly owned subsidiaries include Emirates Power Company, Gulf Power Company, Arabian United Power Company, Al Shuweihat Power Company, Taweelah United Power Company, Union Power Holding Company, TAQA Bratani Limited, TAQA Energy B. V. , TAQA North Ltd. and Takoradi International Company, operator of the Takoradi Power Station II. TAQA owns majority stakes in assets that provide about 85% of Abu Dhabis power generation and 90% of its water desalination capacity. In addition to the Persian Gulf region, TAQA has assets in Europe, Asia and Africa. It has interests in the Tern Alpha, Eider Alpha, Cormorant North, Cormorant Alpha, Kestrel and Pelican fields and related sub-sea satellite fields in the North Sea. On 3 August 2009, TAQA took over operatorship of the North Sea Brent Oil Pipelines System. In addition, in 2006 TAQA acquired BP Nederland Energie B. V. Through this acquisition, TAQA get onshore and off-shore production assets, including the Piek Gas Installatie facility in Alkmaar, the project of the largest offshore LNG Regas facilities utilizing the depleted field P15/P18 just off the port of Rotterdam, and partnership in the Bergermeer gas storage project. In August 2009, it bought a 15% interest in North Sea assets from the L11b Group took over the operatorship of the L11b-A production platform. Through the acquisition of CMS Generation, TAQA has assets in the UAE, Ghana, Morocco, Saudi Arabia and India. On January 3, 2013, TAQA signed an agreement with Turkey to invest about $12 billion to develop the coal fields in the Southern Turkey. This deal is considered as the second biggest Arab investment in Turkey in the energy sector. Shareholders TAQA is listed on the Abu Dhabi Securities Exchange. The company is 75. 1% indirectly owned by the government of Abu Dhabi. The government of Abu Dhabi through ADWEA owns 51%, ADWEA transferred 24. 1% of its shareholding to the Fund for the Support of Farm Owners in the Emirate of Abu Dhabi. The balance (24. 9%) is traded publicly on the Abu Dhabi Securities Market. Finance Standard Poors has assigned A+/A-1 corporate credit ratings to TAQA. Moodys has assigned a rating of Aa3 to TAQAs long term foreign and local currency obligations. Combining world-class expertise and a dynamic and exciting portfolio of assets, TAQA has been transformed from a start-up into a truly global operator within the space of seven years. TAQA AT A GLANCE Full name Abu Dhabi National Energy Company PJSC Nature of business Oil and gas exploration and production, power generation and water desalination and Energy Solutions 2012 revenue AED 27. 8 Bn USD 7. 6 Bn 2012 profit AED 649 Mn USD 176. 7 Mn Total assets as at 31 Dec 2012 AED 122. 6 Bn USD 33. 4 Bn Number of employees 2,800 Operating in North America, Europe and Greater MENA (Middle East, North Africa and India) Founded June 2005 Listed August 2005 Abu Dhabi Securities Exchange Principal shareholders Abu Dhabi Government and Government agencies 72. 5% Public shareholders 27. 5% Power generation capacity 16,395 MW Water desalination capacity 887 MIGD Oil Gas production 135,400 boe/d * US$1. 00 (United States dollar) = AED3. 6725 (UAE dirhams) 1. 3 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY: PRIMARY OBJECTIVE: To study , analyze and to understand the motivational factors of employees of TAQA NEYVELI POWER COMPANY Pvt. , Ltd. , that affects their work place behavior. SECONDARY OBJECTIVE: To identify the various motivational schemes that already exists in the organization. To measure the level of motivation experienced by the employees in the organization 1. 4 NEED FOR THE STUDY: To study and know the employee motivation scenario in TAQA NEYVELI POWER COMPANY Pvt. , Ltd. ,, To know that the employees satisfaction level with the motivation factors undertaken by the company. To identify steps taken by the organization to motivates its employees. To identify the factors that influence the work place behavior of employees. 1. 5 SCOPE FOR THE STUDY: This study helps the researcher to realize the importance of effective employee motivation. This study explores the views expressed by the Respondents about the motivation and providing solutions in an attempt to develop a better system. The importance of studying employee motivation is to understand the internal satisfaction of every employee. The findings of this study help the company to fulfill the expectations of the employees. It helps to provide insights to support future research regarding strategic guidance for organizations that are both providing and using reward/recognition programs. 1. 6 LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY: The limitations of the study are the following As the data was collected through questionnaire, the responds from the respondents may not be accurate. The sample taken for the study was only 30 and the results drawn may not be accurate. Another difficulty was very limited time-span of the project. Lack of experience of Researcher. CHAPTER-2: 2. REVIEW OF LITERATURE 2. 1 THEORETICAL REVIEW Rensis Likerthas called motivation as the core of management. Motivation is the core of management. Motivation is an effective instrument in the hands of the management in inspiring the work force . It is the major task of every manager to motivate his subordinate or to create the will to work among the subordinates . It should also be remembered that the worker may be immensely capable of doing some work, nothing can be achieved if he is not willing to work . creation of a will to work is motivation in simple but true sense of term. Motivation is an important function which very manager performs for actuating the people to work for accomplishment of objectives of the organization . Issuance of well conceived instructions and orders does not mean that they will be followed . A manager has to make appropriate use of motivation to enthuse the employees to follow them. Effective motivation succeeds not only in having an order accepted but also in gaining a determination to see that it is executed efficiently and effectively. In order to motivate workers to work for the organizational goals, the managers must determine the motives or needs of the workers and provide an environment in which appropriate incentives are available for their satisfaction . If the management is successful in doing so; it will also be successful in increasing the willingness of the workers to work. This will increase efficiency and effectiveness of the organization . There will be better utilization of resources and workers abilities and capacities. 2. 1. 1 The concept of motivation The word motivation has been derived from motive which means any idea, need or emotion that prompts a man in to action. Whatever may be the behavior of man, there is some stimulus behind it . Stimulus is dependent upon the motive of the person concerned. Motive can be known by studying his needs and desires. There is no universal theory that can explain the factors influencing motives which control mans behavior at any particular point of time. In general, the different motives operate at different times among different people and influence their behaviors. The process of motivation studies the motives of individuals which cause different type of behavior. 2. 1. 2 Definition of Motivation â€Å"Motivation in the real world is the art of getting the extra effort from everyone including yourself†. Management Research, October 2007, ICFAI University press. 2. 1. 3 Saul W. Gellerman According to â€Å"Saul W. Gellerman†, â€Å"Motivation is the process of attempting to influence others to do their work through the possibility of gain or reward†. HRM Review, July 2008, by Saul W. Gellerman . 2. 1. 4 Motivation According to Webster’s New Collegiate Dictionary, a motive is â€Å"something a need or desire that causes a person to act†. â€Å"Motivate, in turn, means â€Å"to provide with a motive,† and motivation is defined as â€Å"the act or process of motivating†. Consequently, motivation is the performance or procedure of presenting an intention that origin a person to capture some accomplishment (Shanks. N. H. ). According to Butkus Green, motivation is derived from the word â€Å"motivate†, means to move, push or influence to proceed for fulfilling a want Business Management and Strategy ISSN 2157-6068 2012, Vol. 3, No. 1 2. 1. 4 Significance of Motivation Motivation involves getting the members of the group to pull weight effectively, to give their loyalty to the group, to carry out properly the purpose of the organization. The following results may be expected if the employees are properly motivated. 1. The workforce will be better satisfied if the management provides them with opportunities to fulfill their physiological and psychological needs. The workers will cooperate voluntarily with the management and will contribute their maximum towards the goals of the enterprise. 2. Workers will tend to be as efficient as possible by improving upon their skills and knowledge so that they are able to contribute to the progress of the organization. This will also result in increased productivity. 3. The rates of labor’s turnover and absenteeism among the workers will be low. 4. There will be good human relations in the organization as friction among the workers themselves and between the workers and the management will decrease. 5. The number of complaints and grievances will come down. Accident will also be low. 6. There will be increase in the quantity and quality of products. Wastage and scrap will be less. Better quality of products will also increase the public image of the business. 2. 1. 5 Motivation Process. 1. Identification of need 2. Tension 3. Course of action 4. Result –Positive/Negative 5. Feed back 2. 1. 6 Theories of Motivation. Understanding what motivated employees and how they were motivated was the focus of many researchers following the publication of the Hawthorne study results (Terpstra, 1979). Six major approaches that have led to our understanding of motivation are Mcclelland’s Achievement Need Theory, Behavior Modification theory; Abraham H Mallows need hierarchy or Deficient theory of motivation. J. S. Adam’s Equity Theory, Vrooms Expectation Theory, Two factor Theory. McClelland’s Achievement Need Theory. According to McClelland’s there are three types of needs; Need for Achievement ; This need is the strongest and lasting motivating factor. Particularly in case of persons who satisfy the other needs. They are constantly pre occupied with a desire for improvement and lack for situation in which successful outcomes are directly correlated with their efforts. They set more difficult but achievable goals for themselves because success with easily achievable goals hardly provides a sense of achievement. Need for Power It is the desire to control the behavior of the other people and to manipulate the surroundings. Power motivations positive applications results in domestic leadership style, while it negative application tends autocratic style. Need for affiliation It is the related to social needs and creates friendship. This results in formation of informal groups or social circle. Behavioral Modification Theory; According to this theory people behavior is the outcome of favorable and unfavorable past circumstances. This theory is based on learning theory. Skinner conducted his researches among rats and school children. He found that stimulus for desirable behavior could be strengthened by rewarding it at the earliest. In the industrial situation, this relevance of this theory may be found in the installation of financial and non financial incentives. More immediate is the reward and stimulation or it motivates it. Withdrawal of reward incase of low standard work may also produce the desired result. However, researches show that it is generally more effective to reward desired behavior than to punish undesired behavior. Abraham H Maslow Need Hierarchy or Deficient theory of Motivation. The intellectual basis for most of motivation thinking has been provided by behavioral scientists, A. H Maslow and Frederick Herzberg, who’s published works are the â€Å"Bible of Motivation†. Although Maslow himself did not apply his theory to industrial situation, it has wide impact for beyond academic circles. Douglous Mac Gregor has used Maslow’s theory to interpret specific problems in personnel administration and industrial relations. The crux of Maslow’s theory is that human needs are arranged in hierarchy composed of five categories. The lowest level needs are physiological and the highest levels are the self actualization needs. Maslow starts with the formation that man is a wanting animal with a hierarchy of needs of which some are lower ins scale and some are in a higher scale or system of values. As the lower needs are satisfied, higher needs emerge. Higher needs cannot be satisfied unless lower needs are fulfilled. A satisfied need is not a motivator. This resembles the standard economic theory of diminishing returns. The hierarchy of needs at work in the individual is today a routine tool of personnel trade and when these needs are active, they act as powerful conditioners of behavior- as Motivators. Hierarchy of needs; the main needs of men are five. They are physiological needs, safety needs, social needs, ego needs and self actualization needs, as shown in order of their importance The above five basic needs are regarded as striving needs which make a person do things. The first model indicates the ranking of different needs. The second is more helpful in indicating how the satisfaction of the higher needs is based on the satisfaction of lower needs. It also shows how the number of person who has experienced the fulfillment of the higher needs gradually tapers off. Physiological or Body Needs: The individual move up the ladder responding first to the physiological needs for nourishment, clothing and shelter. These physical needs must be equated with pay rate, pay practices and to an extent with physical condition of the job. Safety: The next in order of needs is safety needs, the need to be free from danger, either from other people or from environment. The individual want to assured, once his bodily needs are satisfied, that they are secure and will continue to be satisfied for foreseeable feature. The safety needs may take the form of job security, security against disease, misfortune, old age etc as also against industrial injury. Such needs are generally met by safety laws, measure of social security, protective labor laws and collective agreements. Social needs: Going up the scale of needs the individual feels the desire to work in a cohesive group and develop a sense of belonging and identification with a group. He feels the need to love and be loved and the need to belong and be identified with a group. In a large organization it is not easy to build up social relations. However close relationship can be built up with at least some fellow workers. Every employee wants to feel that he is wanted or accepted and that he is not an alien facing a hostile group. Ego or Esteem Needs: These needs are reflected in our desire for status and recognition, respect and prestige in the work group or work place such as is conferred by the recognition of one’s merit by promotion, by participation in management and by fulfillment of workers urge for self expression. Some of the needs relate to ones esteem e. g. ; need for achievement, self confidence, knowledge, competence etc. On the job, this means praise for a job but more important it means a feeling by employee that at all times he has the respect of his supervisor as a person and as a contributor to the organizational goals. Self realization or Actualization needs: This upper level need is one which when satisfied provide insights to support future research regarding strategic guidance for organization that are both providing and using reward/recognition programs makes the employee gives up the dependence on others or on the environment. He becomes growth oriented, self oriented, directed, detached and creative. This need reflects a state defined in terms of the extent to which an individual attains his personnel goal. This is the need which totally lies within oneself and there is no demand from any external situation or person. J. S Adams Equity Theory Employee compares her/his job inputs outcome ratio with that of reference. If the employee perceives inequity, she/he will act to correct the inequity: lower productivity, reduced quality, increased absenteeism, voluntary resignation. Vrooms Expectation Theory Vroom’s theory is based on the belief that employee effort will lead to performance and performance will lead to rewards (Vroom, 1964). Reward may be either positive or negative. The more positive the reward the more likely the employee will be highly motivated. Conversely, the more negative the reward the less likely the employee will be motivated. Two Factor Theory Douglas McGregor introduced the theory with the help of two views; X assumptions are conservative in style Assumptions are modern in style. X Theory Individuals inherently dislike work. People must be coerced or controlled to do work to achieve the objectives. People prefer to be directed Y Theory People view work as being as natural as play and rest People will exercise self direction and control towards achieving objectives they are Committed to. People learn to accept and seek responsibility Types of Motivation. Intrinsic motivation occurs when people are internally motivated to do something because it either brings them pleasure, they think it is important, or they feel that what they are learning is morally significant. Extrinsic motivation comes into play when a student is compelled to do something or act a certain way because of factors external to him or her (like money or good grades) Incentives An incentive is something which stimulates a person towards some goal. It activates human needs and creates the desire to work. Thus, an incentive is a means of motivation. In organizations, increase in incentive leads to better performance and vice versa. Need for Incentives Man is a wanting animal. He continues to want something or other. He is never fully satisfied. If one need is satisfied, the other need arises. In order to motivate the employees, the management should try to satisfy their needs. For this purpose, both financial and non financial incentives may be used by the management to motivate the workers. Financial incentives or motivators are those which are associated with money. They include wages and salaries, fringe benefits, bonus, retirement benefits etc. Non financial motivators are those which are not associated with monetary rewards. They include intangible incentives like ego-satisfaction, self-actualization and responsibility. INCENTIVES Financial Incentives Non-financial incentives Wages and Salaries. * Competition Bonus * Group recognition Medical reimbursement *Job security Insurance *Praise Retirement benefits *Workers participation *Suggestion systems Motivation is the key to performance improvement There is an old saying you can take a horse to the water but you cannot force it to drink; it will drink only if its thirsty so with people. They will do what they want to do or otherwise motivated to do. Whether it is to excel on the workshop floor or in the ivory tower they must be motivated or driven to it, either by themselves or through external stimulus. Are they born with the self-motivation or drive? Yes and no. If no, they can be motivated, for motivation is a skill which can and must be learnt. This is essential for any business to survive and succeed. Performance is considered to be a function of ability and motivation, thus: Job performance = f (ability) (motivation) Ability in turn depends on education, experience and training and its improvement is a slow and long process. On the other hand motivation can be improved quickly. There are many options and an uninitiated manager may not even know where to start. As a guideline, there are broadly seven strategies for motivation. There are broadly seven strategies for motivation. Positive reinforcement / high expectations Effective discipline and punishment Treating people fairly Satisfying employee’s needs Setting work related goals Restructuring jobs Base rewards on job performance Essentially, there is a gap between an individual’s actual state and some desired state and the manager tries to reduce this gap. Motivation is, in effect, a means to reduce and manipulate this gap. 2. 2 RESEARCH REVIEW The research problem here in this study is associated with the motivation of employees of TAQA NEYVELI POWER COMPANY Pvt. , Ltd. ,. There are a variety of factors that can influence a person’s level of motivation; some of these factors include 1. The level of pay and benefits, 2. The perceived fairness of promotion system within a company, 3. Quality of the working conditions, 4. Leadership and social relationships, 5. Employee recognition 6. Job security 7. Career development opportunities etc. Motivated employees are a great asset to any organization. It is because the motivation and Job satisfaction is clearly linked. Hence this study is focusing on the employee motivation in the organization. 2. 3 RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS A hypothesis is a preliminary or tentative explanation or postulate by the researcher of what the researcher considers the outcome of an investigation will be. It is an informed/educated guess. It indicates the expectations of the researcher regarding certain variables. It is the most specific way in which an answer to a problem can be stated. Research hypotheses are the specific testable predictions made about the independent and dependent variables in the study. Hypotheses are couched in terms of the particular independent and dependent variables that are going to be used in the study. The research hypothesis of this study is as follows. HYPOTHESIS: There is significant relationship between income and motivation level of the employees CHAPTER -3 3. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY. Research is a systematic method of finding solutions to problems. It is essentially an Investigation, a recording and an analysis of evidence for the purpose of gaining knowledge. According to Clifford woody, â€Å"research comprises of defining and redefining problem, formulating hypothesis or suggested solutions, collecting, organizing and evaluating data, reaching conclusions, testing conclusions to determine whether they fit the formulated hypothesis. † 3. 1 RESEARCH DESIGN: A Research design is plan that specifies the objectives of the study, method to be adopted in the collection of the data, tools in analysis of data and helpful to frame hypothesis. â€Å"A research design is the arrangement of condition for collection and analysis of data in a manner that aims to combine relevance to research purpose with economy in procedure†. Research design is needed because it facilitates the smooth sailing of the various project operations, thereby making the project as efficient as possible yielding maximal information with minimal data collected. 3. 2 Sampling Design. A sample design is a finite plan for obtaining a sample from a given population. Simple systematic sampling is used for this study. 3. 3 Universe. The universe chosen for the research study is the employees of TAQA NEYVELI POWER COMPANY Pvt. , Ltd. , 3. 4 Sample Size. Number of the sampling units selected from the population is called the size of the sample. Sample of 30 respondents were obtained from the population. 3. 5 Sampling Procedure. The procedure adopted in the present study is probability sampling, which is also known as chance sampling. Under this sampling design, every item of the frame has an equal chance of inclusion in the sample. 3. 6 Methods of Data Collection. The data’s were collected through Primary and secondary sources. 3. 6. 1 Primary Sources. Primary data are in the form of â€Å"raw material† to which statistical methods are applied for the purpose of analysis and interpretations. The primary sources are discussion with employees, data’s collected through questionnaire. 3. 6. 2 Secondary Sources. Secondary data’s are in the form of finished products as they have already been treated statistically in some form or other. The secondary data mainly consists of data and information collected from records, company websites and also discussion with the management of the organization. Secondary data was also collected from journals, magazines and books. 3. 6. 3 Nature of Research. Descriptive research, also known as statistical research, describes data and characteristics about the population or phenomenon being studied. Descriptive research answers the questions who, what, where, when and how. Although the data description is factual, accurate and systematic, the research cannot describe what caused a situation. Thus, descriptive research cannot be used to create a causal relationship, where one variable affects another. In other words, descriptive research can be said to have a low requirement for internal validity. 3. 6. 4 Questionnaire. A well defined questionnaire that is used effectively can gather information on both overall performance of the test system as well as information on specific components of the system. A defeated questionnaire was carefully prepared and specially numbered. The questions were arranged in proper order, in accordance with the relevance. 3. 6. 5 Nature of Questions Asked. The questionnaire consists of closed ended, dichotomous questions and open ended question. 3. 6. 6 Pre-testing A pre-testing of questionnaire was conducted with 10 questionnaires, which were distributed and all of them were collected back as completed questionnaire. On the basis of doubts raised by the respondents the questionnaire was redialed to its present form. 3. 6. 7 Sample A finite subset of population, selected from it with the objective of investigating its properties called a sample. A sample is a representative part of the population. A sample of 30 respondents in total has been randomly selected. The response to various elements under each questions were totaled for the purpose of various statistical testing. 3. 6. 8 Variables of the Study. The direct variable of the study is the employee motivation, Indirect variables are the motivational schemes, motivational level and job satisfaction and effectiveness of employees. 3. 6. 9 Presentation of Data. The data are presented through charts and tables. 3. 6. 10 Tools and Techniques for Analysis. Statistical method: Percentage method Bar chart Statistical tool used: To arrange and interpret the collected data the following statistical tool used is ANOVA. CHAPTER-4 4. DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION: 4. 1 PE

Worldview and Privilege

Question: Write an Essay about theWorldview and Privilege. Answer: Introduction The indigenous Australia was quite different from todays Australia. The country always possessed an amalgamation of different cultures and people. Prior to colonization in 1788, Australia had a population of 750000 people, but today only 2% among them are Indigenous Australians (Tomyn, Norrish and Cummins 2013).The essay discusses about the sustainable and harmonious nature of Aboriginal people before colonization, the ways different perspectives of land use to the settlers and Aboriginals led to the conflict and the racial superiority of the settlers to the indigenous people in context to the film The Secret River (youtube.com 2016). Prior to colonization, the Aboriginal people shared a harmonious and sustainable relationship with the land. The indigenous people used to respect the nature. They believed in sustainable environment. They used to ensure that the animals were not over hunted for the purpose of food and took care of the plants such that over cutting and collecting were not done. This ensured that the sustainability and harmony of the nature and land was maintained well. They never believed in over exploitation of the environment and never wasted food, hence they used to hunt and collect as much food as required to feed their people. This attitude clearly indicated that they believed in sustainable environment, where over exploitation was not practised rather they ensured that the food was always available for other people whenever they needed. The men used to hunt larger animals like turtles, kangaroos or emus. The women and children used to hunt smaller ones and collected fruits, berries and other su ch edibles. The coastal people used to catch fish and collected selfish, oysters and mussels. The indigenous people stayed at a particular area due to variations in seasonal vegetations. They never hunted animals in large numbers from a particular area to ensure that the food sources were available for the next time. They used to make baskets, tools, weapons and clothes with the various parts of animals and plants that were non-edible (MacDonald and Steenbeek 2015). There were fundamental differences in the attitudes of settlers and Aboriginal people towards land use and ownership. This led to violent conflicts between them. The meaning and significance of land were quite different for Aboriginals and settlers. The indigenous people were strongly connected to their land in terms of physical, social and cultural aspects. The management and care of land were a vital part of their life. The land was an important and indispensable part of their heritage, culture and dominion. They considered that the wellbeing of land and water surrounding them were the central parts of their culture. They believed that land was their mother and had a great influence on their culture. They felt a sense of responsibility for the maintenance and care of their very own land (Markwick et al. 2015). The settlers had a different interpretation of land use and their attitude towards land was a way different from the indigenous aboriginals. According to the settlers, the la nd was a commodity that they owned, something that could be purchased and sold. The land was thought to be a profit making asset by the settlers. They also considered that land was something that could help them build their houses where they could live easily. The British people thought that the land was intended for farming, agriculture and development. In the western society, owning a land, house, boat or other such materialistic entities were a symbol of social status. It meant possession, dominance, power and prosperity (Smith 2012). There were three rules that were laid in 1700 century by which Britain could legally own and possess another country (McLaughlin and Whatman 2015). However, none of the rules were followed by Britain. Terra nullius was declared which meant that land belonged to no one. Hence, the settlers justified their possession on the land which they invaded illegally despite the presence of the Aboriginals. The concept of land and its use were different to the indigenous people and the white settlers. Britain could not witness any development of the land and did not put an effort towards the Aboriginals understanding for land. Therefore, sovereign ownership of Australia was declared by Britain d (Markwick et al. 2015).This is where the tension of the film The Secret River lied and eventually this underpinned the 250 years old history of Australia. The sense of possession and ownership was prominent in Thornhills statement that Hawkesbury was his owned land and that the Aboriginals could take the rest of it whereas in reality the land was the Aboriginals own place, they took care of the river and land there as evident from Yalamunndis version in the film (youtube.com 2016). William Thornhill and other white settlers had a feeling of racial superiority over the Aboriginal people. It was evident from the film The Secret River, where Aboriginals were called by names like blacks and considered as savages who could be bought with trinkets. Aboriginalsdid not adopt the conventional British Practices of fencing or establishing their farming lands. The settlers thought Aboriginals believed in primitive culture and hence were regarded inferior to them. This is evident from the action of Thornhill when he planted corn crop on the top of the Yams cultivated by The Aboriginals. He considered the yams as a worthless form of radish or potato (www.insightpublications.com.au 2016). The white settlers feel superior to the Aboriginal people because of the Immigration Restriction Act190 (Markus 1979).It led to the universal acceptance of Australian society to be a society of whites predominantly. The white settlers had racist beliefs for the Aboriginals. They were made to work at goldfields, sugarcane plantations and deep sea diving. The feeling of superiority was also spread through the various literatures that were read by children at the schools. In 1901, when Australian Federations came into being, the Aboriginals were still not considered as citizens of Australia. They neither had the ownership of lands or houses nor had the voting rights. Hence, the whites believed that they were superior to the Aboriginals with context to the power and privilege they received. The Aboriginals had a harmonious and sustainable relationship with the environment. They had strong association with land and nature, being an important part of their culture. The colonization affected the culture and lives of the indigenous people. The white settlers considered them superior to the Aboriginals. Racial discrimination prevailed among the whites. The Aboriginals were called by names and disrespected. They were even killed mercilessly by the white settlers like Thornhill who killed the dharug people as depicted in the film. References: MacDonald, C. and Steenbeek, A., 2015. The Impact of Colonization and Western Assimilation on Health and Wellbeing of Canadian Aboriginal People.International Journal of Regional and Local History,10(1). Markus, A., 1979.Fear and hatred: purifying Australia and California, 1850-1901. Hale Iremonger. Markwick, A., Ansari, Z., Sullivan, M. and McNeil, J., 2015. Social determinants and psychological distress among Aboriginal and Torres Strait islander adults in the Australian state of Victoria: A cross-sectional population based study.Social Science Medicine,128. McLaughlin, J. and Whatman, S., 2015. Beyond social justice agendas: Indigenous knowledges in preservice teacher education and practice in Australia.International perspectives on race (and racism): Historical and contemporary considerations in education and society. Smith, A., 2012. Indigeneity, settler colonialism, white supremacy.Racial formation in the twenty-first century. Tomyn, A.J., Norrish, J.M. and Cummins, R.A., 2013. The subjective wellbeing of indigenous Australian adolescents: validating the personal wellbeing index-school children.Social Indicators Research,110(3). www.insightpublications. com.au, 2016. The Secret River an Insight text guide by Anica Boulanger-Mashberg. [online] Available at: https://insightpublications. com.au [Accessed 9 Oct. 2016] www.youtube.com, 2016. Available at: https: //www.youtube.com/watch?v=BDepKiFIt5A [Accessed 9 Oct. 2016]